1492: The Year Our World Began (39 page)

22.
Historia de la linda Melosina
, ed. I. A. Corfis (Madison: Hispanic Seminary of Medieval Studies, 1986), chap. 23, p. 54.

23. Labande-Mailfert,
Charles VIII,
17.

24. Labande-Mailfert,
Charles VIII,
101; A. Denis,
Charles VIII et les italiens: histoire et mythe
(Geneva: Librairie Droz, 1979), 23.

25. Labande-Mailfert,
Charles VIII,
110–16.

26. P. Martyr Anglerius,
Opus Epistolarum
(1670), 67–68.

27. Pastor,
History of the Popes,
366.

28. Pastor,
History of the Popes,
469–70.

29. Meltzoff,
Botticelli, Signorelli and Savonarola,
80.

30. P. Schaff,
History of the Christian Church
(New York: Scribner, 1910), 6:68.

31. Beebe et al.,
Writings of Girolamo Savonarola,
137.

32. S. dell’Aglio,
Il tempo di Savonarola
(Tavarnuzze: Galluzzo, 2006), 204.

Chapter 6: Toward “the Land of Darkness”

1. G. Bezzola,
Die Mongolen in abendländisches Sicht
(Bern and Munich: Francke, 1972).

2. J. J. Saunders, “Matthew Paris and the Mongols,” in T. A. Sandquist and M. R. Powicke, eds.,
Essays in Medieval History Presented to Bertie Wilkinson
(Toronto: Univ. of Toronto Press, 1969), 116–32.

3. F. Fernández-Armesto, “Medieval Ethnography,” in
Journal of the Anthropological Society of Oxford
(1982), xiii.

4. J. Fennell,
The Crisis of Medieval Russia
(London; New York: Longman, 1983), 88.

5. R. C. Howes,
The Testaments of the Grand Princes of Moscow
(Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell Univ. Press, 1967), 295.

6. D. Ostrowski,
Muscovy and the Mongols
(Cambridge; New York: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1998), 144–55.

7. R. Mitchell and N. Forbes, eds.,
The Chronicle of Novgorod, 1016–1471
(Hattiesburg, Miss.: Academic International, 1970), 9–15.

8. R. Cormack and D. Glaser, eds.,
The Art of Holy Russia
(London: Royal Academy of Arts, 1998), 180.

9. Y. Slezkine,
Arctic Mirrors
(Ithaca: Cornell Univ. Press, 1991), 33–34.

10. J. L. B. Martin,
Medieval Russia
(Cambridge; New York: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1995), 288.

11. M. Isoaho,
The Image of Aleksandr Nevskiy in Medieval Russia
(Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2006), 173.

12. J. Fennell,
Ivan the Great of Moscow
(London: Macmillan, 1963), 41.

13. Fennell,
Ivan the Great,
43.

14. Fennell,
Ivan the Great,
46, 55.

15. Fennell,
Ivan the Great,
59.

16. G. Alef,
Rulers and Nobles in Fifteenth-Century Muscovy
(London: Variorum Reprints, 1983), item 5, p. 54.

17. F. Fernández-Armesto,
Millennium
(London: Bantam, 1995), 124.

18. D. Obolensky,
Byzantium and the Slavs
(Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir’s Seminary Press, 1994), 185.

19. Alef,
Rulers and Nobles,
item 9, p. 8.

20. Fennell,
Ivan the Great,
121.

21. Alef,
Rulers and Nobles,
item 9, p. 7.

22. Alef,
Rulers and Nobles,
item 5, p. 25; Ostrowski,
Muscovy and the Mongols,
226.

23. Isoaho,
Aleksandr Nevskiy,
292.

24. R. Feuer-Toth,
Art and Humanism in Hungary in the Age of Mathias Corvinus
(Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1990), 97.

25. Howes,
Grand Princes of Moscow,
267–98.

Chapter 7: “That Sea of Blood”

1. F. Fernández-Armesto,
Columbus
(London: Duckworth Publishers, 1996), 2.

2. Don Quixote, 2:16.

3. C. Varela,
Cristóbal Colón: Textos y documentos completos
(Madrid: Alianza, 1984), 15–16.

4. F. Fernández-Armesto,
Columbus on Himself
(London: Folio Society, 1992), 43.

5. Fernández-Armesto,
Columbus on Himself,
16.

6. B. de Las Casas,
Historia de las Indias,
2 vols. (Mexico City: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1951), 1:189.

7. Varela,
Cristobal Colón,
23–24.

8. Fernández-Armesto,
Columbus on Himself,
56; Varela,
Cristobal Colón,
22–24.

9. Varela,
Cristobal Colón,
27–30.

10. F. Fernández-Armesto, “Colón y los libros de caballería,” in
Colón,
ed. C. Martínez Shaw (Valladolid: Junta de Castilla y León, 2006).

11. Varela,
Cristobal Colón,
83–84.

12. Varela,
Cristobal Colón,
97–101.

13. S. E. Morison,
Journals and Other Documents on the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus
(New York: Heritage Press, 1963), 216–19.

14. Las Casas,
Historia,
vol. 1, 313.

15. Fernández-Armesto,
Columbus,
95.

Chapter 8: “Among the Singing Willows”

1. J. Cahill,
Parting at the Shore: Chinese Painting of the Early and Middle Ming Dynasty
(New York: Weatherhill, 1978).

2. G. Uzielli,
La vita e i tempi di Paolo dal Pozzo Toscanelli,
Raccolta Colombiana 5 (Rome: Reale Commissione Colombiana, 1894), 571–72.

3. J. Meskill, ed.,
Ch’oe Pu’s Diary: A Record of Drifting Across the Sea
(Tucson: Univ. of Arizona Press, 1965), 22.

4. Meskill,
Ch’oe Pu’s Diary,
50.

5. Meskill,
Ch’oe Pu’s Diary,
52.

6. Meskill,
Ch’oe Pu’s Diary,
53.

7. Meskill,
Ch’oe Pu’s Diary,
65.

8. Meskill,
Ch’oe Pu’s Diary,
63, 93–94.

9. Meskill,
Ch’oe Pu’s Diary,
65.

10. D. Twitchet and F. W. Mote, eds.,
The Cambridge History of China,
vol. 8, pt. 2 (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press), 699.

11. I. A. Sim, “The Merchant Wang Zhen, 1424–1495,” in
The Human Tradition in Premodern China,
ed. K. J. Hammond (Wilmington, Del.: Scholarly Resources, 2002), 157–64.

12. Meskill,
Ch’oe Pu’s Diary,
107.

13. Twitchet and Mote,
Cambridge History of China,
920.

14. Twitchet and Mote,
Cambridge History of China,
878.

15. Cahill,
Parting at the Shore,
90.

16. Cahill,
Parting at the Shore,
90.

17. Cahill,
Parting at the Shore,
89.

18. J. Duyvendak, “The True Dates of the Chinese Maritime Expeditions in the Early Fifteenth Century,”
T’oung Pao
34 (1938): 399–412.

19. R. Finlay, “The Treasure Ships of Zheng He,”
Terrae Incognitae
23 (1991):1–12.

20. Duyvendak, “Chinese Maritime Expeditions,” 410.

21. Meskill,
Ch’oe Pu’s Diary,
8, 146.

22. Meskill,
Ch’oe Pu’s Diary,
57.

23. Meskill,
Ch’oe Pu’s Diary,
65.

24. Meskill,
Ch’oe Pu’s Diary,
93.

25.
Transactions of the Royal Asiatic Society, Korean Branch,
2 (1902), 36 (translation modified).

26.
Transactions,
37.

27.
Transactions,
36, 39–40.

28.
Transactions,
38.

29. Meskill,
Ch’oe Pu’s Diary,
65.

30. E. Ramirez-Christensen,
Heart’s Flower: The Life and Poetry of Shinkei
(Stanford, Calif.: Stanford Univ. Press, 1994), 20.

31. D. Keene,
Yoshimasa and the Silver Pavilion: The Creation of the Soul of Japan
(New York: Columbia Univ. Press, 2003), 70.

32. Keene,
Yoshimasa,
5.

33. Ramirez-Christensen,
Heart’s Flower
, 20–24.

34. D. Keene, ed.,
Travelers of a Hundred Ages
(New York: Holt, 1989), 211.

35. Ramirez-Christensen,
Heart’s Flower
, 20.

36. K. A. Grossberg,
Japan’s Renaissance: The Politics of the Muromachi Bakufu
(Ithaca: Cornell Univ. Press, 2001).

37. Keene,
Yoshimasa,
69.

38. Keene,
Yoshimasa,
117.

39. Keene,
Yoshimasa,
88.

40. Grossberg,
Japan’s Renaissance,
62.

41. Q. E. Phillips,
The Practices of Painting in Japan, 1475–1500
(Stanford, Calif.: Stanford Univ. Press, 2000), 148.

42. Keene,
Yoshimasa,
164.

43. Keene,
Yoshimasa,
107.

44. Phillips,
Practices of Painting,
3.

45. Ramirez-Christensen,
Heart’s Flower,
155.

46. Ramirez-Christensen,
Heart’s Flower,
152.

47. D. Carter,
The Road to Komatsubara: A Classical Reading of the Renga Hyakuin
(Cambridge, Mass.: Council on East Asian Studies, Harvard Univ., 1987), 117, 143.

Chapter 9: “The Seas of Milk and Butter”

1. R. H. Major, ed.,
India in the Fifteenth Century
(London: The Hakluyt Society, 1857), 7–13.

2. S.-S. H. Tsai,
Perpetual Happiness: The Ming Emperor Yongle
(Seattle: Univ. of Washington Press, 2001), 178–208.

3. J. Duyvendak, “Chinese Maritime Expeditions,” 399–412; T. Filesi and D. Morison, eds.,
China and Africa in the Middle Ages
(London: Frank Cass, 1972), 57–61.

4. Duyvendak, “Chinese Maritime Expeditions,” 399–406.

5. L. Levathes,
When China Ruled the Seas
(New York: Scribner, 1994).

6. Ma Huan,
The Overall Survey of the Ocean’s Shores,
ed. J. R.V. Mills (Cambridge: The Hakluyt Society, 1970), 69, 70, 179.

7. E. L. Dreyer,
Early Ming China
(Stanford, Calif.: Stanford Univ. Press, 1982), 120.

8. Kuei-Sheng Chang, “The Ming Maritime Enterprise and China’s Knowledge of Africa Prior to the Age of Great Discoveries,”
Terra Incognita
3 (1971): 33–44.

9. Major,
India,
10.

10. Major,
India,
6.

11. Major,
India,
8.

12. Major,
India,
9.

13. Major,
India,
30.

14. Major,
India,
23.

15. Major,
India,
11.

16. N. M. Penzer, ed.,
The Most Noble and Famous Travels
(London: The Argonaut Press, 1929), 169.

17. C. E. B. Asher and C. Talbot,
India Before Europe
(New York: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2006), 107.

18. Asher and Talbot,
India Before Europe,
77.

19. Major,
India,
18.

20. H. Khan Sherwani,
The Bahmanis of the Deccan
(New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal, 1985), 238.

21. A. Wink,
Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic Worlds,
vol. 3 (Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers, 2004), 136.

22. A. Halim,
History of the Lodi Sultans of Delhi and Agra
(Delhi: Idarah-I-Adabiyat-I-Delli, 1974), 108–13.

23. See, however, K. S. Lal,
Twilight of the Sultanate
(Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers, 1963), 191–94.

24. M. N. Pearson, “The East African Coast in 1498: A Synchronic Study,” in
Vasco da Gama and the Linking of Europe and Asia,
ed. A. Disney and E. Booth (Delhi: Oxford Univ. Press, 2000), 116–30.

25. M. L. Dames, ed.,
The Book of Duarte Barbosa,
2 vols. (London: The Hakluyt Society, 1918, 1921), vol. 1, 29.

26. Pearson, “East African Coast,” 119.

27. N. Tarling, ed.,
The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia,
vol. 1 (Cambridge; New York: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1992), 483.

28.
The Lusiads in Sri Richard Fanshawe’s Translation,
ed. G. Bullough (London: Centaur, 1963), 329.

29. R. Winstedt,
The Malays: A Cultural History
(London: Routledge, 1958), 33–44.

30. Tarling,
Cambridge History of Southeast Asia,
409.

31. E. J. Jurji,
Illumination in Islamic Mysticism
(Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press, 1938), 37.

32. Jurji,
Illumination,
30.

33. Jurji,
Illumination,
33.

34. Jurji,
Illumination,
110.

35. Jurji,
Illumination,
63.

36. W. C. Chittick, trans., “Gleams,” in
Chinese Gleams of Sufi Light,
by S. Murata (Albany: SUNY Press, 2000), 144.

37. Chittick, “Gleams,” 192.

38. Chittick, “Gleams,” 180.

39. Chittick, “Gleams,” 140.

40. Chittick, “Gleams,” 148.

41.
Joseph and Zuleika by Jami,
ed. C. F. Horne (Ames, Iowa: Lipscombe, 1917), 17.

42.
Joseph and Zuleika,
18–19.

Chapter 10: “The Fourth World”

1. J. López de Toru, “La conquista de Gran Canaria en la cuarta década del cronista Alonso de Palencia,”
Anuario de estudios atlánticos
16 (1970):325–94.

2. M. R. Alonso Rodríguez, “Las endechas a la muerte de Guillén Peraza,”
Anuario de estudios atlánticos
2 (1956): 457–71.

3. M. Ruíz Benitez de Lugo-Mármot,
Documentos para la historia de Canarias
(Las Palmas: Gobierno de Canarias, 2000), 35.

4. J. Alvarez Delgado, “Primera conquista y colonización de la Gomera,”
Anuario de estudios atlánticos
6 (1960): 445–92.