Read Burning the Reichstag Online
Authors: Benjamin Carter Hett
12
. Giebeler,
Kontroverse
, 98.
13
. Alexander Bahar, “Tektonische Platten in Bewegung versetzt,”
Junge Welt
, September 25, 2003; Bahar and Kugel,
Reichstagsbrand
, 660â63.
14
. Ian Kershaw,
Hitler 1889â1936: Hubris
(New York: W.W. Norton, 1998), 456â60 and notes 111â28, 731â33. On historians' mistakes: Anson Rabinbach, for instance, adopts Tobias's position on the fire in his article on the
Brown Books
(though without citing
either
the English or German language version of Tobias's book). He makes a number of minor, and therefore forgivable, factual errors, although his statement “Göring had been president of the Reichstag since the
Nazi
takeover of the
Prussian
government in
1932
“indicates that he is not exactly at home in the history of these events. More significantly, he reverses an important observation by
Times
reporter Douglas Reed. Rabinbach writes that Reed “remarked at the time that there was only a âpigeonhole of credulity' for a (Nazi) conspiracy.” What Reed actually wrote was “The weight of probability and evidence against this theory [that van der Lubbe set fire to the Reichstag
alone] ⦠is overwhelming, but in a world which every day produces proof that nothing is impossible a tiny pigeon hole of credulity must be reserved for it”: Anson Rabinbach, “Staging Antifascism: The
Brown Book
of the Reichstag Fire and Hitler Terror,”
New German Critique
103 vol. 35 No. 1, Spring 2008: 97 ff, 100, 102; Reed,
Reichstag
, 9. In accounts of the fire in two of his books, Richard J. Evans also makes many minor factual errors. A graver error, however, is his mis-citation and/or mischaracterization of one source: He writes that “A recent attempt to suggest that the Nazis planned the fire rests on an exaggeration of similarities between earlier discussion papers on emergency powers, and the Reichstag fire decree.” Here he claims to be speaking of a 1995 article by Bahar and Kugel, stressing the documentary evidence that became available in the 1990s. But that article actually makes no mention of the connection between the Reichstag Fire Decree and earlier emergency decrees. Professor Evans may have confused it with a later and much longer article co-written by Bahar, Kugel, and Jürgen Schmädeke. However, this article, nearly fifty pages long, devotes just over one page to the emergency decree and its precedents; the rest of the text deals, again, with the newly available empirical evidence about the fire and its putative perpetrators. Therefore it is hardly legitimate to say that the article “rests” on this matter. It is also possible that Evans was thinking of the article by Thomas Raithel and Irene Streng on the Reichstag Fire Decree, which
does
stress the relationship between the Reichstag Fire Decree and its Weimar precedents (though on the real decrees themselves, not “discussion papers” on them), but which does
not
take a position on the Reichstag fire controversy (though it is critical of Mommsen's argument): Evans,
Coming
, 519 note 58; Alexander Bahar and Wilfried Kugel, “Der Reichstagsbrand: Neue Aktenfunde entlarven die NS-Täter,”
Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaft
, vol. 43(9) 1995: 823â32; Jurgen Schmädeke, Alexander Bahar, and Wilfried Kugel, “Der Reichstagsbrand in neuem Licht,”
Historische Zeitschrift
vol. 269 (3) 1999: 603â51; Thomas Raithel and Irene Streng, “Die Reichstagsbrandverordnung: Grundlegung der Diktatur mit den Instrumenten des Weimarer Ausnahmezustands,”
VfZ
vol. 48(3), July 200: 413â60.
15
. 27 VT [page number unclear, BStU 324].
16
. TBJG Teil 1 Bd. 9, 237.
17
. Hermann Graml, “Zur Debatte über den Reichstagsbrand,” in Deiseroth,
Reichstagsbrand
, 32, 34 note 15; Friedländer,
Years of Persecution
, 268â74; Friedländer,
Years of Extermination
, 276.
18
. Cornelis van der Lubbe quoted in Tobias,
Reichstagbrand
, 14.
19
. Conze et al.,
Das Amt
, although much of this argument had appeared over thirty years earlier in Christopher Browning,
The Final Solution and the German Foreign Office: A Study of Referat D III of Abteilung Deutschland 1940â1943
(New York: Holmes & Maier Publishers, Inc., 1978); Ulrich Herbert,
Best:
Biographische Studien über Radikalismus, Weltanschauung und Vernunft 1903â1989
(Bonn: Verlag J.H.W. Dietz Nachfolger, 1996) 501, 641; Michael Wildt,
Generation der Unbedingten: Das Führungskorps des Reichssicherheitshauptamtes
(Hamburg: Hamburger Editions, 2003), 239, 746 ff; Klaus-Michael Mallmann and Andrej Angrick, “Die Mörder sind unter uns: Gestapo Bedienstete in den Nachfolgegesellschaften des Dritten Reiches,” in Mallmann and Angrick, eds.,
Die Gestapo nach 1945: Karrieren, Konflikte, Konstructionen
(Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 2009), 21â22.
20
. Wigbert Benz,
Paul Carell: Ribbentrops Pressechef Paul Karl Schmidt vor und nach 1945
(Berlin: Wissenschaftlicher Verlag Berlin, 2005); Christian Plöger,
Von Ribbentrop zu Springer: Zu Leben und Wirken von Paul Karl Schmidt alias Paul Carell
(Marburg: Tectum Verlag, 2009); Lutz Hachmeister,
Der Gegnerforscher: Die Karriere des SS-Führers Franz Alfred Six
(Munich: C.H. Beck, 1998); Raithel and Strenge, “Die Reichstagsbrandverordnung;” Giebeler,
Kontroverse
, 225.
21
. Graml, “Debatte,” in Deiseroth,
Reichstagsbrand
, 28; Swett,
Neighbors and Enemies
.
22
. Tony Judt with Timothy Snyder,
Thinking the Twentieth Century
(New York: The Penguin Press, 2012), Kindle ed. Loc 5518; Snyder,
Bloodlands
, 197.
23
. Markus Henneke, e-mail to the Author, January 10, 2011.
24
. Cullen,
Reichstag
, 242â44.
25
. Cullen,
Reichstag
, 245â46; Beevor,
Fall of Berlin
, 388â96; Anne Applebaum,
Iron Curtain: The Crushing of Eastern Europe 1944â1956
(New York: Doubleday, 2012), 26.
26
. Cullen,
Reichstag
, 264â70.
27
. Cullen,
Reichstag
, 267â89;
http://www.christojeanneclaude.net/major_reichstag.shtml
, accessed March 25, 2012.
28
. Cullen,
Reichstag
, 284â85.
29
.
http://www.generalbundesanwalt.de/prnt/showpress.php?newsid=298
, visited February 12, 2012; “75 Years On, Executed Reichstag Arsonist Finally Wins Pardon,”
Guardian
, January 11, 2008,
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/jan/12/secondworldwar.germany
visited February 12, 2012; Giebeler,
Kontroverse
, 44â45.
1
. All Tobias quotes in this section unless otherwise noted are from interviews with Fritz Tobias, Hannover, July 20, 2008, and July 4, 2009.
2
. The comment about the interest of the Federal Archives is from Tobias to the Author, March 12, 2009.
POLITISCHES ARCHIV DES AUSWÃRTIGEN AMTS, BERLIN (PA-AA)
R. 98304 Reichstagswahl 1933
R. 98307 Komm. Partei
R. 98417 Reichstagsbrandstiftung
R. 98422â28 Lügenpropaganda, Boykottbewegung
R. 98444â98445 Allgem. Bekämpfung der Hetz und Greuelpropaganda
R. 99488 Hetze seitens deutscher Emigranten
R. 99489 Die schwarze Front (Otto Strasser)
R. 99493 Kommunistische und marxistische Zersetzungsarbeit
R. 99505 Kurt Torgler
R. 99606 Dr. Hermann Rauschning
BAYERISCHES STAATSARCHIV MÃNCHEN (BSM)
Spruchkammer Akten Karton 666, Heisig, Helmut
BAYERISCHES STAATSARCHIV NÃRNBERG (BSN)
Rep 502, KV Anklage Interrogations, various volumes
BAYERISCHES STAATSARCHIV WÃRZBURG (BSW)
Staatsanwaltschaft Würzburg 407, Helmut Heisig
Staatsanwaltschaft Würzburg 2446, Helmut Heisig
BERLINER FEUERWEHR ARCHIV, BERLIN (BFA)
Materials on the Reichstag fire, Oberbranddirektor Gempp and Oberbranddirektor Wagner.
LANDESARCHIV BERLIN (LAB)
A Rep 358â01 Staatsanwaltschaft Berlin, various volumes
B Rep 39/128 Calic c/a Dönhoff
B Rep 58, Staatsanwaltschaft Berlin, various volumes
C Rep 300/22â27 Köpenicker Blutwoche
C Rep 375-01-13/1525/A1 Braschwitz
A Pr.Br.Rep. 030-Polizeipräsidium Berlin 7505 Schutzpolizei
BUNDESARCHIV BERLIN-LICHTERFELDE (BA-BL)
NS 23
R. 43/II Reichskanzlei
R. 58 RSHA
R. 84 III Reichslandbund Pressearchiv, various volumes
R. 1501 Reichsministerium des Innern
R. 3001 Justizministerium Personalakten
R. 3002 Reichsgericht Personalakten
R. 3003 Oberreichsanwalt beim Reichsgericht Bde. 1â313
R. 3901 Reichsarbeitsministerium Personalakten
Ehemal. BDC-Akten
ZA II 10156
ZA VI/372
ZB 1049
ZM 772
ZR 699 A
BUNDESARCHIV KOBLENZ (BA-K)
B 141/17511, 427513 van der Lubbe Wiederaufnahme
B 362 Bundesanwaltschaft
N 1211 Nachlass Otto Schmidt-Hannover
N 1231 Nachlass Alfred Hugenberg
N 1274 Nachlass Ernst Fraenkel
N 1385 Nachlass Curt Riess
N 1415 Nachlass Barbara Just-Dahlmann
Z/42/IV/1960 Ermittlungssache gegen Rudolf Diels
ZSg.1-44/7 (375)
Wie die Nazi regieren
BUNDESARCHIV LUDWIGSBURG (BA-L)
B 162/2470 Tagebuch des Reichsjustizminister Dr. Gürtner
B 162/2973 Dr. Rudolf Braschwitz wegen Aussageerpressung u.a.
B 162/5302 MassenerschieÃungen in Luzk und Umgebung
B 162/21252 Dr. Zirpins wegen Verdachts der Beihilfe zum vielfachen Morde (Ghetto Lodz)
B 162/43086 Gegen Gewehr, Hans Georg, Schmidt, Willi (Schweinebacke)
DER BUNDESBEAUFTRAGTE FÃR DIE UNTERLAGEN DES
STAATSSICHERHEITSDIENSTES DER EHEMALIGEN DEUTSCHEN
DEMOKRATISCHEN REPUBLIK, BERLIN (BSTU)
MfS Allg. P 2601/76
MfS Allg. P 6117/74
MfS ASt 35 Js 164/48 GA Bd 1
MfS ASt Ic 41/53
MfS HA IX/11 FV 6170 Bd. 1â7
MfS HA IX/11 SV 1/81 Bd. 35
MfS HA IX/11 SV 9/74
MfS HA IX Nr. 20809
MfS HA IX/11 AB 1163
MfS HA VIII/RF/1764/46
MfS HA IX/11 PA 711
MfS HA XX AP Nr. 22.217/92
MfS HA-IX Nr. 21312
MfS ZAIG Nr. 10187
GEHEIMES STAATSARCHIV PREUSSISCHER KULTURBESITZ, BERLIN (GSTA)
I HA R. 77 Innenministerium
I HA R. 84a Justizministerium
I HA R. 90 P Geheimes Staatspolizeiamt
XX HA R. 10 Regierung Königsberg
INSTITUT FÃR ZEITGESCHICHTE, MÃNCHEN (IFZ)
ED 82 Hans Bernd Gisevius
ED 129/1 Joachim Friedrich von Alt-Stutterheim
Fa 74 Gewehr, Hans Georg
ID 4 Kuratorium Protokolle
ID 6 Stiftungsrat Protokolle
ID 8 Wissenschaftlicher Beirat Protokolle
ID 90, 102, 103 Hausarchiv
MA 198/2 PreuÃisches Innenministerium
ZS/A7 Reichstagsbrand
ZS/A42 Paul Löbe
ZS 20 Heinrich Brüning
ZS 199 Walter Zirpins
ZS 428 Hermann Göring
NIEDERSÃCHSISCHES HAUPTSTAATSARCHIV HANNOVER (NHH)
Nds. 100 (01) Acc. 134/97 Nr. 63, Diels, Rudolf
Nds. 132 Hannover Acc. 80/86, Personalakten Dr. Walter Zirpins
Nds. 171 Hannover Nr. 28640, Rudolf Diels Entnazifizierungsakten
VVP 46, Nachlaà Rudolf Diels
LANDESARCHIV NORDRHEIN-WESTFALEN, ABTEILUNG RHEINLAND, HAUPTSTAATSARCHIV DÃSSELDORF (LNRW-D)
NW 377/4362 Gegen Rudolf Braschwitz wegen Körperverletzung
NW Pe Nr. 118 Dr. Heinrich Schnitzler Personal-Akten
NW 130 Nr. 168 Innenministerium NRW Beamtenrechte
NW 30 Nr. 456 Kabinettsvorgang
NW 1000 Nr. 20256 Rudolf Braschwitz, Entnazifizierungsakten
NW 1023 Nr. 1865 Heinrich Schnitzler, Entnazifizierungsakten
NW-O Nr. 5042 Heinrich Schnitzler, Verleihung Bundesverdienstkreuz
Rep 372/278 Verfahren gegen Diels
Rep 372/990â992 Verfahren gegen Gewehr
LANDESARCHIV NORDRHEIN-WESTFALEN, ABTEILUNG WESTFALEN, MÃNSTER (LNRW-M)
Personalakten (neue Verzeichnung) Nr. 2688 Bde. 1â3, Rudolf Braschwitz
LANDESARCHIV SCHLESWIG-HOLSTEIN, SCHLESWIG (LSH)
Abt. 301 Akten des Ober-Präsidiums der Provinz Schleswig-Holstein
Abt. 309 Akten der Regierung zu Schleswig
PUBLIC ARCHIVES IN OTHER COUNTRIES
ZEITGESCHICHTLICHES ARCHIV, EIDGENÃSSISCHE TECHNISCHE HOCHSCHULE, ZÃRICH, SWITZERLAND (ETH)
Hans Bernd Gisevius, Nachlass
BRITISH NATIONAL ARCHIVES, LONDON, UK (BNA)
FO 1019/94 Evidence by Dr. Rudolf Diels
KV 4/11 Visit of Captain Liddell to Berlin
WO 309/294 Interrogation of Dr. Rudolf Diels
WO 309/768 Report on SS Standartenführer Dr. R Diels
IMPERIAL WAR MUSEUM ARCHIVES, DUXFORD, UK (IWM)
Otto John Papers
Sefton Delmer Papers
MANCHESTER GUARDIAN ARCHIVE, LONDON, UK (MGA)
Correspondence and Memos of Frederick Voigt and W. P. Crozier
BUTLER LIBRARY, COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY, NEW YORK, USA (BL)
H. R. Knickerbocker Papers