Gateway to Freedom: The Hidden History of the Underground Railroad (38 page)

55.
Glije,
Road to Mobocracy
, 153–68; Anbinder,
Five Points
, 9–12; Harris,
In the Shadow of Slavery
, 197; Hodges,
David Ruggles
, 66; Alexander,
African or American?
, 85–86.

56.
Tappan,
Life of Arthur Tappan
, 215–16;
Address to the People of Color of the City of New York
(New York, 1834); Burrows and Wallace,
Gotham
, 557–59; Wyatt-Brown,
Lewis Tappan
, 115–21; Budney,
William Jay
, 33–35.

57.
Lawrence B. Goodheart, “The Chronicles of Kidnapping in New York: Resistance to the Fugitive Slave Law, 1834–1835,”
Afro-Americans in New York Life and History
, 8 (January 1984), 7–17;
Emancipator
, April 1, 22, June 17, 1834;
Emancipator
in
American Anti-Slavery Reporter
, June 1, 1834.

58.
Goodheart, “Chronicles,” 7–17;
First Annual Report of the American Anti-Slavery Society
(New York, 1834), 56.

59.
FJ
, April 25, December 5, 1828;
Emancipator
, December 1, 1836; Hodges,
David Ruggles
, 10–80; Sinha, “Black Abolitionism,” 248–50; Hodges,
Root and Branch
, 243.

60.
First Annual Report of the NY Committee of Vigilance for the Year 1837
(New York, 1837), 3–5.

3. The New York Vigilance Committee

1.
BAP
, 3: 171–72, 178–79; Graham Russell Gao Hodges,
David Ruggles: A Radical Black Abolitionist and the Underground Railroad in New York City
(Chapel Hill, 2010), 86;
CA
, October 28, 1837;
First Annual Report of the New York Committee of Vigilance for the Year 1837
(New York, 1837), 3, 83.

2.
Tom Calarco,
The Underground Railroad in the Adirondack Region
(Jefferson, N.C., 2004), 177–78; Hodges,
David Ruggles
, 90–91, 153; Leslie M. Harris,
In the Shadow of Slavery: African Americans in New York City, 1626–1863
(Chicago, 2003), 173, 206;
First Annual Report
;
FOM
, December 22, 1836;
Emancipator
, December 1, 1836, June 1, 1837.

3.
Emancipator
, June 1, 1837;
Liberator
, May 18, 1837;
First Annual Report
, 5, 47.

4.
BAP
, 3: 171–72.

5.
Emancipator
, June 1, July 20, 1837, March 1, 1838;
CA
, December 23, 1837, January 20, 1838, June 8, 1839;
First Annual Report
, 84;
MOL
, July 1838, January 1839;
NS
, May 18, 1849.

6.
Emancipator
, November 2, 1837, March 1, 1838;
NAS
, August 20, 1840.

7.
CA
, July 7, August 25, 1838;
MOL
, July, August 1838.

8.
MOL
, July 1838; Hodges,
David Ruggles
, 128–30, 143–44;
Liberator
, August 17, 1838;
CA
, June 23, July 7, July 28, 1838;
Emancipator
, June 21, 1838.

9.
Rhoda G. Freeman,
The Free Negro in New York City in the Era before the Civil War
(New York, 1994), 29–30;
New York Sun
in
National Enquirer and Constitutional Advocate of Universal Liberty
(Philadelphia), January 14, 1837;
CA
, May 20, 1837, June 16, 1838, November 2, 1839.

10.
Emancipator
, May 24, 1838;
MOL
, July 1838;
CA
, September 16, December 2, 1837, July 11, 1840.

11.
Appleton’s Cyclopedia of American Biography
(6 vols.; New York, 1888–89), 2: 231;
NYT
, January 29, 1877;
CA
, April 4, May 9, 1840;
Emancipator
, March 1, 1838.

12.
First Annual Report
, 19–29;
NYO
, September 12, 1836.

13.
NAS
, May 23, 1844;
New-York Commercial Advertiser
, April 19, 1837; Daniel E. Meaders,
Kidnappers in Philadelphia: Isaac Hopper’s Tales of Oppression, 1780–1843
(New York, 1994), 6.

14.
CA
, April 22, 29, 1837;
New-York Commercial Advertiser
, April 13, 1837.

15.
CA
, July 15, October 28, 1837, January 20, July 28, 1838;
MOL
, August 1838;
Emancipator
, May 24, 1838;
Life and Times of Frederick Douglass Written by Himself
(rev. ed.: Boston, 1892), 251.

16.
Case of Nat, RG 21;
MOL
, July 1838;
CA
, April 18, 1840;
NYS
, October 15, 1837;
NYEP
, September 13, 1836.

17.
Narrative of Events in the Life of William Green, (Formerly a Slave) Written by Himself
(Springfield, Mass., 1853), 20–21;
Autobiography of James L. Smith
(Norwich, Conn., 1881), 50; Hodges,
David Ruggles
, 124–27.

18.
Hodges,
David Ruggles
, 98;
Liberator
, October 5, 1838; Lydia Maria Child,
Isaac T. Hopper: A True Life
(Boston, 1853), 340–56.

19.
Emancipator
, July 28, 1836;
CA
, April 15, 29, 1837.

20.
Harris,
In the Shadow of Slavery
, 213;
Emancipator
, September 1, 1836; Lewis Perry,
Radical Abolitionism: Anarchy and the Government of God in Antislavery Thought
(Ithaca, 1973), 53, 83;
CA
, December 9, 1837.

21.
CA
, November 17, 1838, January 26, 1839; Samuel E. Cornish to William Jay, November 3, 1838, JP.

22.
CA
, November 17, 1838, July 27, September 7, November 23, 1839; Bertram Wyatt-Brown,
Lewis Tappan and the Evangelical War against Slavery
(Cleveland, 1969), 180;
NAS
, August 20, 1840; David Ruggles,
Plea for “A Man and a Brother”
(New York, 1839), 3–11;
Emancipator
, February 12, November 21, 1839;
MOL
, January 1839, August 1840; Hodges,
David Ruggles
, 162.

23.
NAS
, July 29, 1841; Hodges,
David Ruggles
, 170–94.

24.
NYE
, April 25, 1842;
CA
, August 22, 1840;
Emancipator
, December 15, 1836, July 1, 1837.

25.
Emancipator
, July 20, 1837, May 3, 1838, August 30, 1840;
FOM
, September 9, 1840;
Liberator
, October 4, 1839;
MOL
, January 1839.

26.
MOL
, July 1838, August 1840; Paul Finkelman, “The Protection of Black Rights in Seward’s New York,”
Civil War History
, 34 (September 1988), 211–34;
CA
, May 23, 1840;
NAS
, July 1, 1841;
Fifth Annual Report of the New York Committee of Vigilance
(New York, 1842), 35–36 .

27.
Liberator
, November 25, 1842;
CA
, April 4, September 26, 1840;
Elevator
(San Francisco), January 11, 1873;
Fifth Annual Report
, 14.

28.
Joseph A. Boromé, “The Vigilant Committee of Philadelphia,”
Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography
, (July 1968), 320–52; Margaret Hope Bacon,
But One Race: The Life of Robert Purvis
(Albany, 2007), 53, 76–81; Robert Purvis to Wilbur H. Siebert, December 23, 1895, SC;
Fifth Annual Report
, 29;
Liberator
, May 24, 1844.

29.
Liberator
, May 18, 1838;
NAS
, August 11, 1842.

30.
James B. Stewart,
Holy Warriors: The Abolitionists and American Slavery
(rev. ed.: New York, 1996), 88–93; Lewis Tappan to William Jay, August 18, 1834, JJH; Gerald Sorin,
The New York Abolitionists: A Case Study of Political Radicalism
(Westport, Conn., 1971), 33;
CA
, November 2, 1839; Benjamin Quarles,
Black Abolitionists
(New York, 1969), 26–27.

31.
Carolyn L. Karcher,
The First Woman in the Republic: A Cultural Biography of Lydia Maria Child
(Durham, N.C., 1994), 260; Lewis Tappan to William Jay, October 5, 1835, JJH; Oliver Johnson,
William Lloyd Garrison and His Times
(Boston, 1880), 289–92;
CA
, May 23, 1840.

32.
Margaret Hope Bacon,
Abby Hopper Gibbons: Prison Reformer and Social Activist
(Albany, 2000), 36–39; Johnson,
William Lloyd Garrison
, 282–96, 322; Alice H. Henderson, “The History of the New York State Anti-Slavery Society” (Ph.D. diss., University of Michigan, 1963), 328–45; Jane H. Pease and William H. Pease,
Bound With Them in Chains
(Westport, Conn., 1972), 14; James B. Stewart, “From Moral Suasion to Political Confrontation: American Abolitionists and the Problem of Resistance,” in David W. Blight, ed.,
Passages to Freedom: The Underground Railroad in History and Memory
(Washington, D.C., 2004), 79–80; Sigmund Freud,
Civilization and Its Discontent
, trans. James Strachey (New York, 2002), 51.

33.
CA
, May 30, 1840; Stephen Kantrowitz,
More than Freedom: Fighting for Black Citizenship in a White Republic, 1829–1889
(New York, 2012), 101–13;
BAP
, 3: 22–23; Quarles,
Black Abolitionists
, 18; David E. Swift,
Black Prophets of Justice: Activist Clergy before the Civil War
(Baton Rouge, 1989), 165–69.

34.
Liberator
, March 17, 1843; Florence T. Ray and H. C. Ray,
Sketch of the Life of Rev. Charles B. Ray
(New York, 1887), 35.

35.
NYTrib
, May 14, 1846;
CA
, August 20, 1840, May 22, August 21, 1841; Beth A. Salerno,
Sister Societies: Women’s Antislavery Societies in Antebellum America
(DeKalb, Ill., 2005), 138–39;
Fifth Annual Report
(New York, 1842), 8, 11;
NYE
, August 25, 1842, May 8, 1845.

36.
Fifth Annual Report
, 12–29.

37.
Fifth Annual Report
, 5;
BAP
, 1: 90; Steven M. Raffo,
A Biography of Oliver Johnson, Abolitionist and Reformer, 1809–1889
(Lewiston, N.Y., 2002), 74–75; Johnson,
William Lloyd Garrison
, 295–98;
Liberator
, December 4, 1846.

38.
Circular Letter,
Outline of Effort, American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society
, November 1845, AMA; Annie H. Abel and Frank J. Klingberg,
A Side-Light on Anglo-American Relations, 1839–1858
(New York, 1927), 335; Clara M. DeBoer,
Be Jubilant My Feet: African American Abolitionists in the American Missionary Association, 1839–1861
(New York, 1993), xii, 81–83;
BAP
, 3: 36.

39.
Fifth Annual Report
, 3;
BAP
, 2: 117; William Still,
The Underground Railroad
(rev. ed.: Philadelphia, 1878), 674–77;
The Vigilance Committee Appeal
, broadside, New York, June 1844, NYHS; Richard D. Webb,
The National Anti-Slavery Societies in England and the United States
(Dublin, 1852), 14, 53. Tappan’s biographer significantly understates the degree of Tappan’s involvement with aiding fugitive slaves. Bertram Wyatt-Brown,
Lewis Tappan and the Evangelical War against Slavery
(Cleveland, 1969), 329–30.

40.
Sorin,
New York Abolitionists
, 81; Tom Calarco,
People of the Underground Railroad
(Westport, Conn., 2008), 330–32; Reinhard O. Johnson,
The Liberty Party, 1840–1848: Antislavery Third-Party Politics in the United States
(Baton Rouge, 2009), 382.

41.
Ray and Ray,
Sketch of the Life
, 7–13, 24–28, 35–36; Charles B. Ray, Petition, March 12, 1850, AMA; Johnson,
Liberty Party
, 367;
BAP
, 2: 79–80; Calarco,
People of the Underground Railroad
, 250–51. By the late 1850s, the Bethesda church was located at 155 Sullivan Street, and the Shiloh at 61 Prince Street. Henry Wilson,
Trow’s New York City Directory for the Year Ending May 1, 1858
(New York, 1857), appendix, 34, 36.

42.
Bill for Painting, March 24, 1849, AMA;
Elevator
(San Francisco), September 6, 1867; Christopher Phillips,
Freedom’s Port: The African American Community of Baltimore, 1790–1860
(Urbana, Ill., 1997), 215–20;
Liberator
, October 16, 1840; Stanley Harrold, “On the Borders of Slavery and Race: Charles T. Torrey and the Underground Railroad,”
Journal of the Early Republic
, 20 (Summer 2000), 273–92; T. Stephen Whitman,
Challenging Slavery in the Chesapeake: Black and White Resistance to Human Bondage, 1775–1865
(Baltimore, 2007), 186;
A Narrative of Thomas Smallwood
(Toronto, 1851), 28–30, 40; Louis A. Chamerovzow,
The Slave’s Underground Railroad to Freedom
(Edinburgh, n.d.), 2. The 1850 Manuscript U.S. Census for New York City (accessed via AncestryLibrary.com) includes the Gibbs family with two daughters ages nine and six, and a son, age five, with the younger two having been born in New York.