Power Foods for the Brain (34 page)

15
. Kröger E, Verreault R, Carmichael PH, et al. Omega-3 fatty acids and risk of dementia: The Canadian Study of Health and Aging.
Am J Clin Nutr
. 2009;90:184–92.

16
. Davis BC, Kris-Etherton PM. Achieving optimal essential fatty acid status in vegetarians: Current knowledge and practical implications.
Am J Clin Nutr
. 2003;78(suppl):640S–46S.

17
. Dangour AD, Allen E, Elbourne D, et al. Effect of 2-y n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on cognitive function in older people: A randomized, double-blind, controlled trial.
Am J Clin Nutr
. 2010;91:1725–32.

18
. Van de Rest O, Geleijnse JM, Kok FJ, et al. Effect of fish oil on cognitive performance in older subjects: A randomized, controlled trial.
Neurology
. 2008;71:430–38.

19
. Quinn JF, Rama R, Thomas RG, et al. Docosahexaenoic acid supplementation and cognitive decline in Alzheimer disease: A randomized trial.
JAMA
. 2010;304:1903–11.

20
. Morris MC, Evans DA, Tangney CC, Bienias JL, Wilson RS. Fish consumption and cognitive decline with age in a large community study.
Arch Neurol
. 2005;62:1849–53.

21
. Tangney CC, Kwasny MJ, Li H, Wilson RS, Evans DA, Morris MC. Adherence to a Mediterranean-type dietary pattern and cognitive decline in a community population.
Am J Clin Nutr
. 2011;93:601–7.

22
. Tonstad S, Butler T, Yan R, Fraser GE. Type of vegetarian diet, body weight and prevalence of type 2 diabetes.
Diabetes Care
. 2009;32:791–96.

23
. Marckmann P, Grønbaek M. Fish consumption and coronary heart disease mortality: A systematic review of prospective cohort studies.
Eur J Clin Nutr
. 1999;53:585–90.

24
. Féart C, Samieri C, Rondeau V, et al. Adherence to a Mediterranean diet, cognitive decline, and risk of dementia.
JAMA
. 2009;302:638–48.

25
. Barnard ND, Scialli AR, Turner-McGrievy G, Lanou AJ, Glass J. The effects of a low-fat, plant-based dietary intervention on body weight, metabolism, and insulin sensitivity.
Am J Med
. 2005;118:991–97.

26
. Berkow S, Barnard ND. Vegetarian diets and weight status.
Nutr Rev
. 2006;64:175–88.

27
. Turner-McGrievy GM, Barnard ND, Scialli AR. A two-year randomized weight loss trial comparing a vegan diet to a more moderate low-fat diet.
Obesity
. 2007;15:2276–81.

28
. Gustafson D. An 18-year follow-up of overweight and risk of Alzheimer’s disease.
Arch Intern Med
. 2003;163:1524–28.

29
. Berkow S, Barnard ND. Blood pressure regulation and vegetarian diets.
Nutr Rev
. 2005;63:1–8.

Chapter 4. Foods That Build Your Vitamin Shield

1
. Devore EE, Grodstein F, van Rooij FJ, Hofman A, Stampfer MJ, Witteman JC, Breteler MM. Dietary antioxidants and long-term risk of dementia.
Arch Neurol
. 2010;67:819–25.

2
. Morris MC, Evans DA, Bienias JL, Tangney CC, Bennett DA, Aggarwal N, Wilson RS, Scherr PA. Dietary intake of antioxidant nutrients and the risk of incident Alzheimer disease in a biracial community study.
JAMA
. 2002;287:3230–37.

3
. Morris MC, Evans DA, Tangney CC, et al. Relation of the tocopherol forms to incident Alzheimer disease and cognitive change.
Am J Clin Nutr
. 2005;81:508–14.

4
. Laurin D, Foley DJ, Masaki KH, White LR, Launer LJ. Vitamin E and C supplements and risk of dementia.
JAMA
. 2002;288:2266–68.

5
. Sano M, Ernesto C, Thomas RG, et al. A controlled trial of selegiline, alpha-tocopherol, or both as treatment for Alzheimer’s disease. The Alzheimer’s Disease Cooperative Study.
N Engl J Med
. 1997;336:1216–22.

6
. Thomas RG, Gebhardt SE. Nuts and seeds as sources of alpha and gamma tocopherols. USDA-ARS Nutrient Data Laboratory, Beltsville, MD. Internet:
http://www.ars.usda.gov/SP2UserFiles/Place/12354500/Articles/AICR06_NutSeed.pdf
, accessed June 17, 2011.

7
. Brewer GJ. The risks of copper toxicity contributing to cognitive decline in the aging population and to Alzheimer’s disease.
J Am Coll Nutr
. 2009;28:238–42.

8
. Durga J, van Boxtel MP, Schouten EG, et al. Effect of 3-year folic acid supplementation on cognitive function in older adults in the FACIT trial: A randomised, double blind, controlled trial.
Lancet
. 2007a;369:208–16.

9
. de Jager CA, Oulhaj A, Jacoby R, Refsum H, Smith AD. Cognitive and clinical outcomes of homocysteine-lowering B-vitamin treatment in mild cognitive impairment: A randomized controlled trial.
Int J Geriatr Psychiatry
. 2011; Jul 21. doi: 10.1002/gps.2758. [Epub ahead of print]

10
. Durga J, Verhoef P, Anteunis LJ, Schouten E, Kok FJ. Effects of folic acid supplementation on hearing in older adults: A randomized, controlled trial.
Ann Intern Med
. 2007b;146:1–9.

11
. Ravaglia G, Forti P, Maioli F, Martelli M, Servadei L, Brunetti N, Porcellini E, Licastro F. Homocysteine and folate as risk factors for dementia and Alzheimer disease.
Am J Clin Nutr
. 2005;82:636–43.

12
. Tucker KL, Qiao N, Scott T, Rosenberg I, Spiro A 3rd. High homocysteine and low B vitamins predict cognitive decline in aging men: The Veterans Affairs Normative Aging Study.
Am J Clin Nutr
. 2005;82:627–35.

13
. Aisen PS, Schneider LS, Sano M, et al. High-dose B vitamin supplementation and cognitive decline in Alzheimer’s disease: A randomized controlled trial.
JAMA
. 2008;300:1774–83.

14
. Ligthart SA, Moll van Charante EP, Van Gool WA, Richard E. Treatment of cardiovascular risk factors to prevent cognitive decline and dementia: A systematic review.
Vasc Health Risk Manag
. 2010;6:775–85.

15
. Morris MC, Evans DA, Schneider JA, Tangney CC, Bienias JL, Aggarwal NT. Dietary folate and vitamins B-12 and B-6 not associated with incident Alzheimer’s disease.
J Alzheimer’s Dis
. 2006a;9:435–43.

16
. Bønaa KH, Njølstad I, Ueland PM, et al. Homocysteine lowering and cardiovascular events after acute myocardial infarction.
N Engl J Med
. 2006;354:1578–88.

17
. Feng L, Li J, Yap KB, Kua EH, Ng TP. Vitamin B-12, apolipoprotein E genotype, and cognitive performance in community-living older adults: Evidence of a gene-micronutrient interaction.
Am J Clin Nutr
. 2009;89:1263–68.

18
. Morris MC, Evans DA, Tangney CC, Bienias JL, Wilson RS. Associations of vegetable and fruit consumption with age-related cognitive change.
Neurology
. 2006b;67:1370–76.

19
. Dauchet L, Amouyel P, Dallongeville J. Fruit and vegetable consumption and risk of stroke: A meta-analysis of cohort studies.
Neurology
. 2005;65:1193–97.

20
. He FJ, Nowson CA, MacGregor GA. Fruit and vegetable consumption and stroke: Meta-analysis of cohort studies.
Lancet
. 2006;367:320–26.

21
. Oude Griep LM, Monique Verschuren WM, Kromhout D, Ocké MC, Geleijnse JM. Colours of fruit and vegetables and 10-year incidence of CHD.
Br J Nutr
. 2011a;106:1562–69.

22
. Oude Griep LM, Vershuren WMM, Kromhout D, Ocke MC, Geleijnse JM. Colors of fruit and vegetables and 10-year incidence of stroke.
Stroke
. 2011b;42:3190–95.

23
. Krikorian R, Nash TA, Shidler MD, Shukitt-Hale B, Joseph JA. Concord grape juice supplementation improves memory function in older adults with mild cognitive impairment.
Br J Nutr
. 2010;103:730–34.

24
. Krikorian R, Shidler MD, Nash TA, et al. Blueberry supplementation improves memory in older adults.
J Agric Food Chem
. 2010;58:3996–4000.

25
. Letenneur L. Risk of dementia and alcohol and wine consumption: A review of recent results.
Biol Res
. 2004;37:189–93.

26
. Ioannou GN, Dominitz JA, Weiss NS, Heagerty PJ, Kowdley KV. The effect of alcohol consumption on the prevalence of iron overload, iron deficiency, and iron deficiency anemia.
Gastroenterology
. 2004;126:1293–1301.

27
. Eskelinen MH, Kivipelto M. Caffeine as a protective factor in dementia and Alzheimer’s disease.
J Alzheimer’s Dis
. 2010;20:S167–74.

Chapter 5. Mental Exercises That Build Your Cognitive Reserve

1
. Rentz DM, Locascio JJ, Becker JA, et al. Cognition, reserve, and amyloid deposition in normal aging.
Ann Neurol
. 2010;67:353–64.

2
. Yaffee K, Weston A, Graff-Radford NR. Association of plasma β-amyloid level and cognitive reserve with subsequent cognitive decline.
JAMA
. 2011;305:261–66.

3
. Wilson RS, Bennett DA, Bienias JL, et al. Cognitive activity and incident AD in a population-based sample of older persons.
Neurology
. 2002; 59:1910–14.

4
. Willis SL, Tennstedt SL, Marsiske M, et al. Long-term effects of cognitive training on everyday functional outcomes in older adults.
JAMA
. 2006; 296:2805–14.

5
. Jean L, Bergeron ME, Thivierge S, Simard M. Cognitive intervention programs for individuals with mild cognitive impairment: Systematic review of the literature.
Am J Geriatr Psychiatry
. 2010;18:281–96.

6
. Craik FIM, Bialystok E, Freedman M. Delaying the onset of Alzheimer disease: Bilingualism as a form of cognitive reserve.
Neurology
. 2010; 75:1726–29.

7
. Chertkow H, Whitehead V, Phillips N, Wolfwon C, Atherton J, Bergman H. Multilingualism (but not always bilingualism) delays the onset of Alzheimer disease: Evidence from a bilingual community.
Alzheimer Dis Assoc Discord
. 2010;24:118–25.

8
. Kavé G, Eyal N, Shorek A, Cohen-Mansfield J. Multilingualism and cognitive state in the oldest old.
Psychol Aging
. 2008;23;70–78.

9
. Inoue S, Matsuzawa T. Working memory of numerals in chimpanzees.
Curr Biol.
2007;17(23):R1004–5.

10
. Inoue S, Matsuzawa T. Acquisition and memory of sequence order in young and adult chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes).
Anim Cogn
. 2009;12,Suppl 1:S59–69.

Chapter 6. Physical Exercises That Protect Your Brain

1
. Pereira AC, Huddleston DE, Brickman AM, et al. An in vivo correlate of exercise-induced neurogenesis in the adult dentate gyrus.
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
. 2007;104:5638–43.

2
. Colcombe SJ, Erickson KI, Scalf PE, et al. Aerobic exercise training increases brain volume in aging humans.
J. Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci
. 2006;61:1166–70.

3
. Erickson KI, Voss MW, Prakash RS, et al. Exercise training increases size of hippocampus and improves memory.
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
. 2011;108:3017–22.

4
. Larson EB, Wang L, Bowen JD, et al. Exercise is associated with reduced risk for incident dementia among persons 65 years of age and older.
Ann Intern Med
. 2006;17:144:73–81.

5
. Scarmeas N, Luchsinger JA, Schupf N, et al. Physical activity, diet, and risk of Alzheimer disease.
JAMA
. 2009;302:627–37.

6
. Rovio S, Kareholt I, Helkala EL, et al. Leisure-time physical activity at midlife and the risk of dementia and Alzheimer’s disease.
Lancet Neurology
. 2005;4:705–11.

7
. Hamer M, Chida Y. Physical activity and risk of neurodegenerative disease: A systematic review of prospective evidence.
Psychol Med
. 2009;39:3–11.

8
. Foster PP, Rosenblatt KP, Kuljis RO. Exercise-induced cognitive plasticity, implications for mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease.
Frontiers in Neurology
. 2011;2:1–15.

9
. Voss MW, Chaddock L, Kim JS, et al. Aerobic fitness is associated with greater efficiency of the network underlying cognitive control in preadolescent children.
Neuroscience
. 2011;29;199:166–76.

10
. Boulé NG, Haddad E, Kenny GP, Wells GA, Sigal RJ. Effects of exercise on glycemic control and body mass in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials.
JAMA
. 2001;286:1218–27.

11
. Curioni CC, Lourenco PM. Long-term weight loss after diet and exercise: A systematic review.
Int J Obes
(Lond) 2005;29:1168–74.

12
. Colcombe SJ, Kramer AF, Erickson KI, et al. Cardiovascular fitness, cortical plasticity, and aging.
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
. 2004;101:3316–21.

Chapter 7. Build Memory Power as You Sleep

1
. Wagner U, Born J. Memory consolidation during sleep: Interactive effects of sleep stages and HPA regulation.
Stress
. 2008;11:28–41.

2
. Huang Y, Potter R, Sigurdson W, et al. Effects of age and amyloid deposition on aß dynamics in the human central nervous system.
Arch Neurol
. 2012;69:51–58.

Chapter 8. Medicines and Health Conditions That Affect Memory

1
. Preiss D, Seshasai SR, Welsh P, et al. Risk of incident diabetes with intensive-dose compared with moderate-dose statin therapy: A meta-analysis.
JAMA
. 2011;305:2556–64.

2
. Evans MA, Golomb BA. Statin-associated adverse cognitive effects: Survey results from 171 patients.
Pharmacotherapy
. 2009;29:800–811.

3
. Cherrier M, Amory J, Ersek M, Risler L, Shen D. Comparative cognitive and subjective side effects of immediate release oxycodone in healthy middle age and older adults.
J Pain
. 2009;10:1038–50.

4
. Ockene JK, Barad DH, Cochrane BB, et al. Symptom experience after discontinuing use of estrogen plus progestin.
JAMA
. 2005;294:183–93.

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