The Joy of Pain (37 page)

41
. Snyder, Howard N. (2000, July),
Sexual assault of young children as reported to law enforcement: Victim, incident, and offender characteristics
, retrieved from
http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/content/pub/pdf/saycrle.pdf
, June 2, 2012; Crimes Against Children Research Center,
http://www.unh.edu/ccrc/
, retrieved June 12, 2012.

42
. See
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jesse-wegman/dateline-to-kill-a-predat_b_41911.html
, retrieved June 2, 2012.

 

1
. Cited in Griffin, A. K. (1931),
Aristotle's psychology of conduct
, London: Williams and Norgate, p. 78.

2
. Spinoza, B. (2008),
The ethics
, New York: Bibliolife, p. 138 (originally published in 1677).

3
. See
http://www.snpp.com/episodes/7F23.html
, retrieved April 5, 2010.

4
. Smith & Kim (2007).

5
. Forman, M. (Director) (1984),
Amadeus
(film based on a play by Peter Shaffer [2001],
Amadeus: A play by Peter Shaffer,
New York: Harper Perennial). There is little evidence that Salieri actually envied Mozart in the way depicted in the play or film or that he engineered Mozart's death. See Borowitz, A. I. (1973), Salieri and the “murder” of Mozart,
The Musical Quarterly, 59
, 268–279.

6
. Fiske (2011).

7
. Harris, L. T., & Fiske, S. T. (2006), Dehumanizing the lowest of the low: Neuro-imaging responses to extreme outgroups,
Psychological Science
,
17
, 847–853; Harris, L. T., Cikara, M., & Fiske, S. T. (2008), Envy as predicted by the stereotype content model: A volatile ambivalence, in R. H. Smith (Ed.),
Envy: Theory and research
(pp. 133–147), New York: Oxford University Press.

8
. Fiske (2011), p. 32; Botvinick, M. M., Cohen, J. D., & Carter, C. S. (2004), Conflict monitoring and anterior cingulate cortex: An update,
Trends in Cognitive Sciences
,
8
, 539–546.

9
. Mitchell, J. P. (2008), Contributions of functional neuroimaging to the study of social cognition,
Current Directions in Psychological Science
,
17
, 142–146.

10
. Harris, Cikara, & Fiske (2008); Harris, L.T., McClure, S. M., van den Bos, W., Cohen, J. D., & Fiske, S. T. (2007), Regions of the MPFC differentially tuned to social and non-social affective evaluation,
Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience
,
7
, 309–316; van den Bos, W., McClure, S. M., Harris, L. T., Fiske, S. T., & Cohen, J. D. (2007), Dissociating affective evaluation and social cognitive processes in ventral medial prefrontal cortex,
Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience
,
7
, 337–346.

11
. Smith, R. H., Turner, T. J., Garonzik, R., Leach, C. W., Urch-Druskat, V., & Weston, C. M. (1996), Envy and
schadenfreude, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25
, 158–168.

12
. See
http://thetenbest.net/gorevidalquotes/
, retrieved March 10, 2010.

13
. Twain, M. (2000),
Life on the Mississippi,
Toronto: Dover, p. 22 (originally published in 1883); I also use this example in a similar way in Powell, C. A. J., Smith, R. H., & Schurtz, D. R. (2008),
Schadenfreude
caused by an envied person's gain, in R. H. Smith (Ed.),
Envy: Theory and research
(pp. 148–164), New York: Oxford University Press.

14
. Percy, W. (2000),
Lost in the cosmos,
New York: Picador, p. 65. I also make extended and similar use of this example in Powell, Smith, & Schurtz (2008).

15
. Percy (2000), p. 65.

16
. Ibid.

17
. Smith, Turner, Garonzik, Leach, Urch-Druskat, & Weston (1996).

18
. Takahashi, H, Kato, M., Matsuura, M., Mobbs, D., Suhara, T., & Okubo, Y. (2009), When your gain is my pain and your pain is my gain: Neural correlates of envy and
schadenfreude, Science, 13
, 937–939.

19
. See
http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/17/science/17angi.html?_r=1
, retrieved May 15, 2010.

20
. Cuddy, A. J. C., Fiske, S. T., & Glick, P. (2007), The BIAS map: Behaviors from intergroup affect and stereotypes,
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92,
631–648; Fehr, E., & Fischbacher, U. (2005), The economics of strong reciprocity, in H. Gintis, S. Bowles, R. Boyd, & E. Fehr (Eds.),
Moral sentiments and material interests: The foundations of cooperation in economic life
(pp. 151–191), Cambridge: MIT Press; Kirchsteiger, G. (1994), The role of envy in ultimatum games,
Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 25
, 373–389; Smith & Kim (2007). Recent evidence suggests that there are two types of envy: a benign and a malicious type.
Schadenfreude
is most related to malicious envy: see van de Ven, N., Zeelenberg, M., & Pieters, R. (2009), Leveling up and down: The experience of malicious and benign envy,
Emotion, 9
, 419–429.

21
. Fortunately, the boy survived the explosion. Twain probably would not have recounted the story so enthusiastically otherwise. And yet, even the boy's survival created mixed feelings. Twain noted that “when he came home the next week, alive, renowned, and appeared in church all battered up and bandaged, a shining hero, stared at and wondered over by everybody, it seemed to us that the partiality of Providence for an undeserving reptile had reached a point where it was open to criticism.” Twain (2000), p. 22.

22
. Beckman, S. R., Formby, J. P., Smith, W. J., & Zheng, B. H. (2002), Envy, malice and Pareto efficiency: An experimental examination,
Social Choice and Welfare, 19
, 349–367; Zizzo, D. J. (2003), Money burning and rank egalitarianism with random dictators,
Economics Letters, 81
, 263–266; Zizzo, D. J., & Oswald, A. J. (2001), Are people willing to pay to reduce others' incomes?
Annales d'Economie et de Statistique, 63
–
64
, 39–62.

23
. Smith, R. H. (1991), Envy and the sense of injustice, in P. Salovey (Ed.),
The psychology of jealousy and envy
(pp. 79–99), New York: Guilford Press; Smith, R. H., Parrott, W. G., Ozer, D., & Moniz, A. (1994), Subjective injustice and inferiority as predictors of hostile and depressive feelings in envy,
Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20,
705–711.

24
. van de Ven, Zeelenberg, & Pieters (2009).

25
. Cited in Portmann (2000), p. 139.

26
. Burke, E. (1987),
A philosophical enquiry into the origin of our ideas of the sublime
, Oxford: Basil Blackwell, p. 46 (originally published in 1756); the credibility of
The National Enquirer
is probably tarred by the wacky fictions of the other publications. However,
The National Enquirer
articles, often dismissed as malicious lies by those who are the focus of the articles, often end up being largely true; see
http://www.slate.com/id/2102303/
, retrieved May 15, 2010.

27
. Chang, J., & Halliday, J. (2005),
Mao: The unknown story
, New York: First Anchor Books, p. 14.

28
. Ibid.

29
. Boucher, K., & Smith, R. H., (2010), unpublished data.

30
. See
http://www.slate.com/id/2067667
, retrieved May 15, 2010.

31
. Byron, C. (2002),
Martha Inc.: The incredible story of Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia
, New York: Wiley.

32
. See
http://www.slate.com/id/2067667
, retrieved May 15, 2010.

33
. See
http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2003/02/03/030203fa_fact?currentPage=all
, retrieved March 3, 2010.

34
. Ibid.

35
. Ibid.

36
. Ibid.

37
. Aronson, E., Willerman, B., & Floyd, J. (1966), The effect of a pratfall on increasing interpersonal attractiveness,
Psychonomic Science 4
, 227–228.

38
. See
http://www.chevychasecentral.com/trivia.htm
, retrieved September 4, 2012.

39
. See
http://www.parade.com/celebrity/sunday-with/2012/05/20-jay-leno-comic-highs-lows-cars-secrets-successful-marriage.html
, retrieved May 20, 2012.

40
. Sundie, J. M., Ward, J., Beal, D. J., Chin, W. W., & Oneto, S. (2009),
Schadenfreude
as a consumption-related emotion: Feeling happiness about the downfall of another's product,
Journal of Consumer Psychology
,
19
, 356–373; Sundie, J. M., Kenrick, D. T., Griskevicius, V., Tybur, J. M., Vohs, K. D., & Beal, D. J. (2011), Peacocks, Porsches, and Thorstein Veblen: Conspicuous consumption as a sexual signaling system,
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100
, 664–680; Veblen, T. (1989),
The theory of the leisure class
, New York: Macmillan.

41
. See
http://www.dailydot.com/video/lamborghini-crash/
, retrieved May 25, 2012; and
http://www.reddit.com/r/videos/comments/tn1y4/lamborghini_tries_to_show_off_ends_up_crashing/
, retrieved May 25, 2012.

42
. See
http://www.dailydot.com/video/lamborghini-crash/
retrieved May 24, 2012; and
http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0145487/quotes
, retrieved May 24, 2012.

43
. See
http://www.youtube.com/all_comments?v=1pgm8I0B8bY
, retrieved May 24, 2012.

44
. Hareli & Weiner (2002).

45
. Swift (1731).

46
. See
http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2003/02/03/030203fa_fact?currentPage=all
, retrieved March 3, 2010; Byron (2002).

47
. See
http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2003/02/03/030203fa_fact?currentPage=all
, retrieved March 3, 2010.

48
. See
http://www.snpp.com/episodes/7F08.html
, retrieved April 5, 2010.

49
. Ibid.

 

1
. Pushkin, A. (1964),
The poems, prose, and plays of Alexander Pushkin
, New York: Modern Library, p. 430.

2
. Shakespeare, W. (1963),
Julius Caesar
, New York: The New American Library p. 40, (originally published 1599).

3
. Goethe, J. W. (1906),
The maxims and reflections of Goethe
, New York: Macmillan.

4
. Farber, L. (1966),
The Ways of the will,
New York: Basic Books; Foster, G. (1972), The anatomy of envy,
Current Anthropology
,
13,
165–202; Smith & Kim (2007); Vidaillet, B. (2009), Psychoanalytic contributions to understanding envy: Classic and contemporary perspectives, in R. H. Smith (Ed.),
Envy: Theory and research
. (pp. 267–289), New York: Oxford University Press.

5
. I take some of the examples in this chapter from Powell, Smith, & Schurtz (2008); Smith, R. H., & Kim, S. H. (2008), Introduction, in R. H. Smith (Ed.),
Envy: Theory and research
(pp. 3–14), New York: Oxford University Press; and Smith & Kim (2007).

6
. Alicke & Govorun (2005); Dunning (2005); Freud, A. (1937),
The ego and the mechanisms of defense,
London: Hogarth Press and Institute of Psycho-Analysis; Gilovich, T. (1993),
How we know what isn't so: The fallibility of human reason in everyday life
, New York: Simon & Schuster; Paulhus, D. L., Fridhandler, B., & Hayes S. (1997), Psychological defense: Contemporary theory and research, in S. Briggs, R. Hogan, R. Goode, & J. W. Johnson (Eds.),
Handbook of personality psychology
(pp. 543–579) Boston: Academic Press; Vaillant, G. E. (1992),
Ego mechanisms of defense: A guide for clinicians and researchers,
Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.

7
. Duffy, M. K., Shaw, J. D., & Schaubroeck, J. (2008),
Envy in organizational life
, in R. Smith (Ed.),
Envy: Theory and research
(pp. 167–189), New York: Oxford University Press; Elster, J. (1998),
Alchemies of the mind: Rationality and the emotions,
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; Foster, G. (1972), The anatomy of envy,
Current Anthropology
,
13,
165–202; Schoeck, H. (1969),
Envy: A theory of social behavior,
New York: Harcourt, Brace, and World; Silver, M., & Sabini, J. (1978), The perception of envy,
Social Psychology Quarterly, 41,
105–117; Smith & Kim (2007).

8
. Elster (1998); Foster (1972), Schoeck (1969); Silver, & Sabini (1978). H. Also see Powell, Smith, & Schurtz (2008); Smith & Kim (2007).

9
. King James Bible, Exodus 20:17.

10
. Schimmel, S. (2008), Envy in Jewish thought and literature, in R. H. Smith (Ed.),
Envy: Theory and research
(pp. 17–38), New York: Oxford University Press.

11
. King James Bible, Genesis 4:1–16.

12
. Milton, J. (1962),
Paradise lost and selected poetry and prose
, New York: Holt, Rinehardt, and Winston, p. 126 (originally published in 1667).

13
. Alighieri, D. (1939),
The divine comedy
(trans. John D. Sinclair), New York: Oxford University Press (originally published in 1308–1321).

14
. See
http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=envy
, retrieved April 12, 2010.

15
. Aquaro, G. R. A. (2004),
Death by envy: The evil eye and envy in the Christian tradition
, Lincoln, NE: Universe; Smith & Kim (2007).

16
. King James Bible, Matthew 19:24.

17
. Smith & Kim (2007).

18
. Unamuno, M. (1996),
Abel Sanchez and other short stories
, New York: Gateway Editions p. 103 (originally published in 1917); cited by Foster, (1972), p. 173; Smith & Kim (2007).