54
. Gamble 1995, 23.
55
. Gamble 1995, 25.
56
. Gamble 1995, 27.
57
. Millard 2000, 223–24.
58
. Stanton 2004, 189.
59
. Bauckham 2006, 288.
60
. Evans 2001.
61
. Evans 2001.
62
. Gager 1975; Meeks 1983; Theissen 1978; 1982.
63
. Lester 1993, 867
64
. Quoted in Burkert 1985, 297.
65
. Costen 1997; Lambert 1992; 1998; Russell 1965; Stark 2003.
66
. Costen 1997, 70.
67
. Lambert 1992.
68
. Tracy 1999.
69
. Ladurie 1974.
70
. Stark 2004.
71
. Niebuhr 1929.
72
. Lang 1983.
73
. Baumgarten 1997.
74
. Kripal 2007.
75
. Maslow 1971.
76
. Fogel 2000, 2.
77
. McAdam 1988; Sherkat and Blocker 1994.
78
. Kent 2001.
79
. Barrow 1980; MacKenzie and MacKenzie 1977; Nelson 1969.
80
. Stark and Bainbridge 1996, chap. 9.
81
. Stark 2003; 2004, chap. 3; Stark and Finke 2000.
82
. Dickens 1991, 128.
83
. Stark 2007a; 2003.
84
. Marx [1844] 1964, 42.
Chapter 6: Misery and Mercy
1
. The phrase was coined by the Swedish-American Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) organizer Joe Hill (Joel Hägglund) in his song “The Preacher and the Slave,” 1911.
2
. Burn 1953.
3
. Meeks 1983.
4
. Harnack 1905; Stark 2006.
5
. Our enormous debt to Tertius Chandler, Gerald Fox, and Josiah Cox Russell for reconstructing historical population data is acknowledged far too seldom.
6
. Stark 2009.
7
. Josephus,
Jewish War
3:2; Broshi 2001, 110; Schnabel 2004, 182.
8
. Broshi 2001, 110.
9
. Chandler 1987, 463.
10
. See Africa 1971, 4n9.
11
. Stambaugh 1988.
12
. Stark 1996, 150.
13
. Carcopino 1940, 45–46.
14
. Finley 1977.
15
. Carcopino 1940, 33.
16
. Carcopino 1940, 31–32.
17
. Africa 1971, 4.
18
. Stambaugh 1988, 178.
19
. Carcopino 1940, 23.
20
. Carcopino 1940, 36.
21
. Packer 1967, 87.
22
. White 1984, 168.
23
. Quoted in White 1984, 168.
24
. Stambaugh 1988.
25
. Carcopino 1940, 42.
26
. Stambaugh 1988.
27
. Wrigley 1969.
28
. Carcopino 1940, 47.
29
. Africa 1971, 5.
30
. Lintott 1968.
31
. Cassisu Dio,
The Roman History
67.11.
32
. Africa 1971.
33
. Sinnigen 1961, 68.
34
. Shaw 1996, 114.
35
. Cahill et al. 1991, 69.
36
. Stambaugh 1988, 137.
37
. Bagnall 1993, 187.
38
. Bagnall 1993, 185.
39
. Judge 1986, 107.
40
. Quoted in Harnack 1904, 172–73.
41
. Eusebius,
The History of the Church
6:43.
42
. Schoedel 1991, 148.
43
. Johnson 1976, 75.
44
. Tertullian,
Apology,
chap. 39.
45
. Harnack 1904, 161.
46
. Zinsser [1934] 1960.
47
. Gilliam 1961; McNeill 1976; Russell 1958.
48
. Zinsser [1934] 1960, 135.
49
. Eusebius,
History of the Church
7.22.
50
. Thucydides,
Peloponnesian War
2.47, 2.51, 2.52.
51
. Cochrane [1940] 1957, 155.
52
. Cyprian,
Mortality
15–20.
53
. Dionysius,
Festival Letters,
in Eusebius,
The History of the Church
7.22.
54
. McNeill 1976, 108.
55
. Quoted in Ayer [1913] 1941, 332–33.
Chapter 7: Appeals to Women
1
. Harnack 1905, 220.
2
. Frend 1984, 99.
3
. Chadwick 1967, 56.
4
. Harnack 1905, 227.
5
. Salzman 2002. This finding prompted the author to offer a lengthy, but quite implausible, argument that women had not been more apt than men to embrace Christianity.
6
. Stark 2004.
7
. Liu, forthcoming; Miller 2000; Miller and Stark 2002; Roth and Kroll 2007; Stark 2002; 2004; Sullins 2006.
8
. Lefkowitz and Fant 2005; Osiek and MacDonald 2006; Pomeroy 1975; Shelton 1988.
9
. Quoted in Scroggs 1972, 290.
10
. Frend 1984, 67.
11
. Quoted in Bell 1973, 72.
12
. Witherington 1990, 5.
13
. Witherington 1990, 7.
14
. Brooten 1982; Kraemer 1992.
15
. Frend 1984, 67.
16
. For an excellent summary see Heine 1988. For a fine feminist analysis of greater sexual equality among Christians in contrast with pagans, see McNamara 1976.
17
. Shaw 1996, 107; also Shaw 1991.
18
. Shaw 1996, 110.
19
. Scroggs 1972, 283.
20
. Scroggs 1972; 1974.
21
. Iannaccone 1982.
22
.
The Letters of the Younger Pliny
10.96.
23
. Quoted in Gryson 1976, 134.
24
. Ferguson 1990.
25
. Brown 1988, 144–45.
26
. Meeks 1983, 71.
27
. Harris 1994, 1.
28
. Quoted in Lefkowitz and Fant 1992, 187.
29
. Lindsay 1968, 168.
30
. Lindsay 1968.
31
. Gorman 1982.
32
.
First Apology.
33
. Quoted in Hopkins 1965, 314.
34
.
The Roman History.
35
. Hopkins 1965.
36
. Clark 1981, 200.
37
. Quoted in Hopkins 1965, 314.
38
. Geller 1994, 83.
39
. Geller 1994, 83.
40
. This was often gotten around by ruling that a marriage had been invalid and hence no divorce was required.
41
. Chadwick 1967, 59.
42
. Brunt 1971, 137–38; also Harris 1982.
43
. Clark 1981, 195.
44
. Balsdon 1963, 173.
45
. Clark 1981, 195.
46
. Balsdon 1963, 173.
47
. Russell 1958.
48
. Brunt 1971; Boak 1955.
49
. Pomeroy 1975.
50
. Sandison 1967, 744.
51
. Riddle 1994.
52
. Harris 1994.
53
. Gorman 1982; Riddle 1994.
54
. Aulas Cornelius Celsus,
De medicina
7.29.
55
. Plato,
Republic
5.9.
56
. Aristotle,
Politics
7.14.10.
57
. Rawson 1986.
58
. Boak 1955; Devine 1985; Parkin 1992.
59
. Collingwood and Myres 1937.
60
. Frier 1994.
61
. Martin 1990.
62
. Harnack 1905, 234.
63
. Walsh 1986, 216.
64
. Sordi 1986, 27.
65
. Heaton 1990.
66
. Greeley 1970.
Chapter 8: Persecution and Commitment
1
. Tacitus,
Annals
15.44.
2
. According to Clement of Alexandia,
Stromata
7.11.
3
. Mattingly 1967, 31–36.
4
. Frend 1984, 109.
5
. Sordi 1986, 31.