Unbroken: A World War II Story of Survival, Resilience and Redemption (70 page)

“20th Air Force Today,” 20th Air Force Association Newsletter , Fal 1998.

25 Bal ale: Peter Stone, Hostages to Freedom (Yarram, Australia: Oceans Enterprises, 2006).

26 Wake: Major Mark E. Hubbs, “Massacre on Wake Island,” Yorktown Sailor, http://www.yorktownsailor.com/yorktown/massacre.html (accessed October 18, 2009); Daws, p. 279.

27 Tarawa: Daws, p. 278.

28 Palawan: Sides, pp. 7–17; Kerr, Surrender, pp. 212–15; V. Dennis Wrynn, “American Prisoners of War: Massacre at Palawan,” World War II, November 1997.

29 POWs giving supplies to civilians, guards: Kerr, Surrender, p. 273.

30 Kono hides in office: Wade, p. 169.

31 Kono’s flight, capture, trial: Hiroaki Kono records from the NACP: Hiroaki Kono et al., 1946–1947, File Unit from RG 331: RAOOH, WWI , 1907

–1966, SCAP, Legal Section, Manila Branch (1945–11/1949) Series: Orders and Summaries, compiled 1946–1947; Narumi Oota et al., 1945

–1949, File Unit from RG 331: RAOOH, WWI , 1907–1966, SCAP, Legal Section, Prosecution Division (1945–1949) Series: USA Versus Japanese War Criminals Case File, compiled 1945–1949; Hiroaki Kono, 1948–1953, File Unit from RG 84: Records of the Foreign Service Posts of the Department of State, 1788–ca. 1991, Department of State. U.S. Embassy, Japan. (04/28/1952–) (Most Recent) SCAP, Legal Section (10/02/1945

–04/28/1952?) (Predecessor) Series: Japanese War Crimes Case Files, compiled 1946–1961.

32 Guard thrown from gal ey: Ken Marvin, telephone interview, January 31, 2005.

33 NO MORE—THANKS: Robert Rasmussen, “A Momentous Message of Hope,” National Aviation Museum Foundation Magazine, vol. 8, no. 1, Spring 1987.

34 one thousand planes, 4,500 tons of supplies: Daws, p. 340.

35 Cocoa hits office: Martindale, p. 233; Robert Martindale, telephone interview, January 2, 2005.

36 Louie washes shirt: Louis Zamperini, telephone interview.

37 Industrial machines in private houses: Ken Marvin, telephone interview, January 31, 2005.

38 Tinker buys record: Louis Zamperini, telephone interview.

39 fifteen hundred Red Cross boxes in storehouse: Ken Marvin, telephone interview, January 31, 2005.

40 Men find brothel: Wade, p. 170.

41 Marvin on bicycle and in bath: Ken Marvin, telephone interview, January 31, 2005.

42 Occupying forces don’t arrive: John Fitzgerald, POW diary, Papers of John A. Fitzgerald, Operational Archives Branch, NHC, Washington, D.C.

43 Fitzgerald hits official: Ken Marvin, telephone interview, January 31, 2005.

44 POWs walk to train: Wal , p. 304; Wade, p. 170; Louis Zamperini, telephone interview.

45 Fitzgerald stays: John Fitzgerald, POW diary, Papers of John A. Fitzgerald, Operational Archives Branch, NHC, Washington, D.C.

46 Japanese saluting: Wal , p. 304.

Chapter 33: Mother’s Day

1 POWs on train: Ken Marvin, telephone interview, January 21, 2005; Wade, p. 171; Knox, p. 452; Louis Zamperini, telephone interview.

2 “First there were trees”: Knox, p. 451.

3 “Welcome back, boys”: Wade, p. 171.

4 “Before me in immaculate khaki uniform”: Ibid.

5 Women like goddesses: Ken Marvin, telephone interview, January 21, 2005.

6 Trumbul encounters Louie: Louis Zamperini, telephone interview; “Zamperini Gives Sidelights of His Dramatic Trip Back,” October 1, 1945, NPN, from papers of Louis Zamperini; Louis Zamperini, interview by George Hodak, Hol ywood, Calif., June 1988, AAFLA.

7 “Zamperini’s dead”: Louis Zamperini, telephone interview.

8 “If I knew”: Robert Trumbul , “Zamperini, Olympic Miler, Is Safe After Epic Ordeal,” NYT, September 9, 1945.

9 Hoarding K rations: Louis Zamperini, telephone interview; Louis Zamperini, interview by George Hodak, Hol ywood, Calif., June 1988, AAFLA.

10 Rosynek watches men deplane: Frank Rosynek, email interview, June 21, 2005.

11 POW told his wife married his uncle: “Sends Love Message to Soldier Husband,” Council Bluffs Nonpareil, September 11, 1945.

12 Louie interviewed: Frank Rosynek, written interview, December 8, 2007.

13 “Wel , I’l be damned”: Jack Krey, telephone interview, August 18, 2005.

14 11th Bomb Group, 42nd squadron men lost: Cleveland, pp. 484–85.

15 Only four of sixteen men from barracks alive: Jesse Stay, “Twenty-nine Months in the Pacific,” unpublished memoir.

16 four hundred athletes kil ed: “400 Stars Give Lives in Service,” Oakland Tribune, December 30, 1944; Walt Dobbins, “I May Be Wrong,” Lincoln (Neb.) Journal, January 6, 1944.

17 Louie not al owed food, clothes: Louis Zamperini, telephone interview.

18 Louie assessed by physicians: “Lou Zamperini Has Won Final Race on Track,” Olean (N.Y.) Times-Herald, September 13, 1945.

19 “It’s finished”: “Zamperini Drifted 1,200 Miles on Raft,” Stars and Stripes, September 14, 1945.

20 “Darling, we wil ”: Sylvia Zamperini, letter to Louis Zamperini, August 31, 1945.

21 Pete learns Louie free: “Lou Zamperini’s Release Thril s Brother at NTC,” Hoist (U.S. Naval Training Center, San Diego), September 14, 1945.

22 Preparing for homecoming, family quotations: “Zamperini’s Mother Sheds Tears of Joy,” undated article from papers of Peter Zamperini, NPN.

23 Freeing Rokuroshi: George Steiger, “Captain George Steiger: A POW Diary,” http://www.fsteiger.com/gsteipow.html (accessed October 2, 2009); Emerson, pp. 86–87; Giles, pp. 155–65; Kerr, Surrender, pp. 288–89.

24 History of American flag: Giles, pp. 156–57.

25 Kelsey Phil ips learns Al en is free: “Lt. Al en Phil ips Back in Care of U.S. Army, Mother Informed,” Terre Haute Star, September, 1945.

26 “That day”: Ibid.

27 Louie remains in Okinawa: Louis Zamperini, telephone interview; Louis Zamperini, letter to Edwin Wilber, May 1946.

28 Hospital parties: Louis Zamperini, telephone interview.

29 Louie startling USC recruiter: Ibid.

30 Typhoon: Ibid.

31 Louie flies in B-24: Ibid.; Louis Zamperini, letter to Edwin Wilber, May 1946.

32 Overloaded B-24 crashes: Martindale, p. 243.

33 “This is Kwajalein”: Louis Zamperini, telephone interview.

34 One tree left on island: Ibid.

35 Hospitalization mandatory: Bernard M. Cohen and Maurice Z. Cooper, A Follow-up Study of World War II Prisoners of War (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1955), p. 40.

36 Garrett and Louie stay together: Ibid.

37 Louie loses beloved shirt: Ibid.

38 Louie and Garrett wrestle on beach: Ibid.

39 “I just thought I was empty”: Ibid.

40 Wade goes home: Wade, p. 179; Tom Wade, letter to Louis Zamperini, August 20, 1946.

41 Phil’s homecoming: Kelsey Phil ips, “A Life Story,” unpublished memoir; telegram and photographs from Phil ips scrapbook.

42 Pete and Louie meet: Peter Zamperini, telephone interview, October 19, 2004; Louis Zamperini, telephone interview.

43 Louie flown home: Louis Zamperini, letter to Edwin Wilber, May 1946; “Lou Zamperini Back in L.A.,” undated article from papers of Peter Zamperini, NPN; Peter Zamperini, telephone interview, October 19, 2004.

44 “Cara mamma mia”: “Lou Zamperini Back in L.A.,” undated article from papers of Peter Zamperini, NPN.

Chapter 34: The Shimmering Girl

1 “This, this little home”: “Lou Zamperini Back in L.A.,” undated article from papers of Peter Zamperini, NPN.

2 Homecoming: Peter Zamperini, telephone interview, October 19, 2004; Louis Zamperini, telephone interview; Sylvia Flammer, telephone interviews, October 25, 27, 2004.

3 Louie hears record: Sylvia Flammer, telephone interviews, October 25, 27, 2004.

4 Nightmare about the Bird: Louis Zamperini, telephone interview.

5 Wade named Watanabe: Wade, p. 176.

6 MacArthur arrest list: “MacArthur’s Round Up of Criminals,” Argus (Melbourne), September 25, 1945; “Tojo Shoots Self to Avoid Arrest; MacArthur Orders 39 Other Criminals Arrested,” Port Arthur News , September 11, 1945.

7 Tojo suicide attempt: “Think Tojo Had Planned Suicide,” Council Bluffs (Iowa) Nonpareil, September 11, 1945; “Blood of Men He Sought to Destroy May Save Life of Man Ordering Pearl Harbor Attack,” Council Bluffs (Iowa) Nonpareil, September 11, 1945; Robert Martindale, telephone interview, January 2, 2005.

8 Watanabe flees: Mutsuhiro Watanabe, “I Do Not Want to Be Punished by America,” Bingei Shunjyu, April 1956, translated from Japanese.

9 Watanabe hears name listed with Tojo, resolves to disappear: Ibid.

10 Manhunt: Mutsuhiro Watanabe (Sgt.), vols. 1–3, 1945–1952, POW 201 File 1945–1947, SCAP, Legal Section, Administrative Division, RAOOH, RG 331, NACP.

11 Fake letter: Mutsuhiro Watanabe, “I Do Not Want to Be Punished by America,” Bingei Shunjyu, April 1956, translated from Japanese.

12 Watanabe said he’d rather die than be captured: Mutsuhiro Watanabe (Sgt.), vols. 1–3, 1945–1952, POW 201 File 1945–1947, SCAP, Legal Section, Administrative Division, RAOOH, RG 331, NACP.

13 Wave of suicides: Philip R. Piccigal o, The Japanese on Trial: Allied War Crimes Operations in the East, 1945–1951 (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979), p. 45.

14 Affidavits: Mutsuhiro Watanabe (Sgt.), vols. 1–3, 1945–1952, POW 201 File 1945–1947, SCAP, Legal Section, Administrative Division, RAOOH, RG 331,0020NACP.

15 Two thousand letters: Louis Zamperini, letter to Cynthia Applewhite, April 5, 1946.

16 Ringing phone, ninety-five speeches: Louis Zamperini, letter to Edwin Wilber, May 1946.

17 “It was like he got hit”: Payton Jordan, telephone interviews, August 13, 16, 2004.

18 Louie drives to forest: Louis Zamperini, telephone interview.

19 Los Angeles Times dinner, drinking: Ibid.

20 Zamperini Invitational Mile: “Hero Takes Mile Without Running,” Kingsport (Tenn.) News, March 4, 1946.

21 Louie meets Cynthia: Louis Zamperini, telephone interview; Louis Zamperini, letters to Cynthia Applewhite, April 15 and May 9, 1946; Ric Applewhite, telephone interview, March 12, 2008; Sylvia Flammer, telephone interviews, October 25, 27, 2004.

22 “I want to see you again”: Ric Applewhite, telephone interview, March 12, 2008.

23 Cynthia dating Macs, first date: Louis Zamperini, telephone interview.

24 Cynthia’s history: Ric Applewhite, telephone interview, March 12, 2008.

25 Drinking gin at sixteen: Louis Zamperini, letter to Cynthia Applewhite, May 8, 1946.

26 Louie throws toilet paper down hotel wal : Louis Zamperini, telephone interview.

27 Louie proposes: Louis Zamperini, letter to Cynthia Applewhite, May 9, 1946.

28 Engagement concerns Applewhites: Louis Zamperini, letter to Cynthia Applewhite, April 13, 1946; Louis Zamperini, telephone interview.

29 Cynthia ignorant of POW experiences: Louis Zamperini, telephone interview.

30 Easy on rice, barley: Louis Zamperini, letter to Cynthia Applewhite, May 2, 1946.

31 Louie gets drunk on date: Louis Zamperini, telephone interview.

32 Louie warns Cynthia: Louis Zamperini, letter to Cynthia Applewhite, April 23, 1946.

33 “We have got to set”: Louis Zamperini, letter to Cynthia Applewhite, April 15, 1946.

34 “If you love me enough”: Louis Zamperini, letter to Cynthia Applewhite, April 23, 1946.

35 Louie prepares for wedding: Louis Zamperini, letters to Cynthia Applewhite, April 5, 9, 27 and May 8, 1946.

36 Cynthia wants a home: Louis Zamperini, letter to Cynthia Applewhite, April 23, 1946.

37 Sleeping on floors: Louis Zamperini, letter to Cynthia Applewhite, May 10, 1946.

38 Concerns about Applewhites: Louis Zamperini, telephone interview; Ric Applewhite, telephone interview, March 12, 2008; Louis Zamperini, letter to Eric Applewhite, April 1946; Eric Applewhite, letter to Louis Zamperini, April 16, 1946.

39 Louie trains: Louis Zamperini, letter to Cynthia Applewhite, April 13, 1946; Louis Zamperini, letter to Edwin Wilber, May 1946.

40 Cynthia’s deal with parents: Louis Zamperini, letter to Cynthia Applewhite, April 25, 1946; Ric Applewhite, telephone interview, March 12, 2008.

41 Ric’s fears: Ric Applewhite, telephone interview, March 12, 2008.

42 Louie, Cynthia argue: Louis Zamperini, telephone interview.

43 Cynthia cal s home, Louie drinks: Ibid.

Chapter 35: Coming Undone

1 Garrett upset over rice: Louis Zamperini, telephone interview.

2 Tol of captivity: Norman S. White, MD, letter to the editor, Hospital and Community Psychiatry , November 1983; Bernard M. Cohen and Maurice Z. Cooper, A Follow-up Study of World War II Prisoners of War (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1955); D. Robson et al.,

“Consequences of Captivity: Health Effects of Far East Imprisonment in World War I ,” JM: An International Journal of Medicine , vol. 102, no. 2, 2009, pp. 87–96; Robert Ursano, MD, and James Rundel , MD, “The Prisoner of War,” War Psychiatry (Washington, D.C.: Office of the Surgeon General, 1995), pp. 431–56.

3 Nightmares, sleeping on floors, ducking, hal ucinations: Knox, pp. 461, 463, 478–79.

4 McMul en speaking Japanese: Milton McMul en, telephone interview, February 16, 2005.

5 Weinstein’s urges to scavenge in garbage cans: Weinstein, p. 316.

6 Weinstein housing complex: “Georgia: No Shenanigans,” Time, January 2, 1950.

7 Hal oran’s experience: Raymond Hal oran, email interview, March 3, 2008.

8 Former POW spitting at Asians: Burke, p. 184.

9 Former POWs try to attack hospital staffer: Knox, p. 465.

10 McMul en after Japan: Milton McMul en, telephone interview, February 16, 2005.

11 “a seething, purifying”: Jean Améry, At the Mind’s Limits: Contemplations by a Survivor of Auschwitz and Its Realities (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1998), p. 40.

12 “You must look”: Louis Zamperini, letter to Cynthia Applewhite, May 4, 1946.

13 Louie’s torment, resumption of running: Louis Zamperini, telephone interviews.

14 Louie injured: Louis Zamperini, telephone interview; Louis Zamperini, letter to Edwin Wilber, May 1946; John P. Stripling, “Striptees,” Torrance Herald, November 28, 1946.