1434 (39 page)

• i) Di Giorgio's fountain (Ms Ash 4IR) and Taccola's surprise fountain (Ms PAL 767 p. 21)
  
• ii) Taccola's hoists for Mills (III, 36R) and di Giorgio's Mills (Trattato I Ms Ash 361 for 37v)
  
• iii) Taccola's and di Giorgio's underwater swimmers with breathing (Cod Lat Mon 288800 fol 78R and MS PAL 767 BNCF p. 9)
  
• iv) Floating Riders on Horseback (Taccola II 90V) di Giorgio MS II. I. 141 (BNCF) follow 196v
  
• v) Paddle wheel boats—Taccola Ms Lat 7239 fol 87r: di Giorgio Ms 197 b21 (BML) fol 45v
  
• vi) Devices for measuring distances—Taccola Ms Pal 766 fol 52R: di Giorgio Ms Ash 361 fol 29R
  
• vii) Drawings of Trebuchet Ms 197.b.21 (BML) fol 3V (di Giorgio) and cod lat Mon 197 II fol 59V (Taccola)
  
• viii) Underground Mining causing towns to collapse—di Giorgio Ms Ash 361 fol 50R; Taccola Codex lat Mon 28800 fol. 48
  
• ix) Transportable crane di Giorgio Ms 197 b.21 fol 11V Taccola Ms PAL 766 for ZOR
  
• x) Weight driven wheels—Taccola Code lat Mon 197 II fol 57 R: di Giorgio Ms 197 b21 Fol 71 V
  
• xi) Water mills transforming vertical power to horizontal Taccola Ms Pal 766 Fol 39R: di Giorgio Ms Sal 148 for 34V
  
• xii) Ox drawn pumps Taccola Ms Lat 7239 p. 32 di Giorgio MS II.1.141 fol 97V
  

• 15.
  K. T. Wu, and Wu Kuang-Ch'ing, “Ming Printing and Printers,” Harvard Journal of Asiatie Studies 7, no. 3 (Feb. 1943): 203–60.
  
• 16.
  See Needham,
  Science and Civilisation
  , vols. 19 and 27.
  
• 17.
  Taccola MS Lat BNP fol 50R
  
• 18.
  Francesco
  Di Giorgio MS II 1.141 fol 97v
  
• 19.
  Needham,
  Science and Civilisation,
  vol. 27, figs. 602–27, table 56.
  
• 20.
  Nung Shu, ch. 19, pp. 5bb
  –
  6a
  and NS 183.
  
• 21.
  MS Lat Urbinas 1757 Fol 118R
  
• 22.
  Carts with steering gear—Codicetto
  
• 23.
  Reversible hoists—de Ingeneis III 36R
  Taccola,
  De Ingeneis,
  book 2, 96v.
  
• 24.
  Ms Ash 361 F 37V
  
• 25.
  Ms Getty GEM fol R
  
• 26.
  Galluzzi, Art of Invention, pp. 42
  –
  43.
  
• 27.
  Ibid., p. 44.
  
• 28.
  361 Fol 46v
  
• 29.
  Galluzzi,
  Art of Invention,
  p. 11.
  
• 30.
  Ibid., p. 11.
  
• 31.
  Jackson, “Dragonflies,” pp. 1–4; Gablehouse,
       
  Helicopters and Autogiros,
  pp. 1–3; and White,
        “Helicopters and Whirligigs.”
  

Chapter 17: Silk & Rice

• 1.
  Nung Shu;
  and Needham,
  Science and Civilization,
  vol. 27, p. 104.
  
• 2.
  Martial, quoted in Thorley, pp. 71–80.
  
• 3.
  Thorley, “Silk Trade Between China and the Roman Empire at Its Height Circa. A.D. 90–130”
  Greece and Rome,
  2nd Series, Vol. 18, No. 1 (1971) p. 71–80. See Bibliography.
  
• 4.
  Temple, “Genius,” p. 120, ill. 88.
  
• 5.
  Molà, “Silk Industry,” pp. 261 and 218, 220.
  
• 6.
  Hobson,
  Eastern Origins,
  pp. 128, 342; and Kuhn, “Science V.”
  
• 7.
  Molà, “Silk Industry,” p. 261.
  
• 8.
  “Braudel, Wheels of Commerce,” Fontana, 1985, pp. 405–408.
  
• 9.
  Needham,
  Science and Civilisation,
  vol. 28, pp. 225 and 340.
  
• 10.
  Ms Ash 361 (BMLF) fol 6V
  
• 11.
  Shapiro, “Suction Pump,” p. 571.
  
• 12.
  Needham,
  Science and Civilisation,
  vol. 27, p. 144.
  
• 13.
  Molà, “Silk Industry,” pp. 218–46.
  
• 14.
  Hibbert,
  House of Medici,
  p. 63.
  
• 15.
  Ibid., p. 63.
  
• 16.
  Ibid., Hibbert, p. 89
  

Chapter 18: Grand Canals, China and Lombardy

• 1.
  Emperor Yang—Sui dynasty. Ancient China,” p. 66.
  
• 2.
  Lonely Planet p. 378.
  
• 3.
  Now named Xian. “Ancient China” pp. 63–75. Ancient China-Chinese Civilisation from the origin to the Tang dynasty Barnes & Noble N.Y. 2006.
  
• 4.
  Quoted in Lonely Planet pp. 378–79.
  
• 5.
  Temple,
  Genius
  , pp. 196–97.
  
• 6.
  Needham,
  Science and Civilisation,
  vol. 28; and ibid., p. 197.
  
• 7.
  Needham,
  Science and Civilization,
  ch. 28, pp. 358–76.
  
• 8.
  Barbarossa Capture of Milan
  Frederick I (1123–1190) conquered Milan in 1161.
  
• 9.
  Taccola's Lock Gate Taccola, De ingeneis,
  vol. 4; and Parsons,
  Engineers,
  pp. 367–373.
  
• 10.
  Parsons,
  Engineers,
  p. 373.
  
• 11.
  Ibid.
  
• 12.
  Ibid., p. 376.
  
• 13.
  Parsons,
  Engineers.
  Descriptions
  Trattato dei Pondi
  p. 373; Alberti, pp. 374–75; Bartola, pp. 358–376.
  
• 14.
  Ibid., pp. 372–81; Needham,
  Science and Civilisation,
  vol. 28, pp. 377–80.
  
• 15.
  Needham,
  Science and Civilisation,
  vol. 28, pp. 358–76.
  
• 16.
  Parsons,
  Engineers,
  pp. 374–75.
  
• 17.
  See Mantua L. Santoni Mantua 1989, p. 36 et seq
  
• 18.
  Dixon,
  Venice, Vicenza,
  p. 112. et seq
  
• 19.
  Ibid.
  

Chapter 19: Firearms and Steel

• 1.
  Spencer, “Filarete's Description”; and Wertime, “Asian Influences” and
  Age of Steel.
  
• 2.
  Ibid.
  
• 3.
  Spencer, “Filarete's Description.”
  
• 4.
  Ibid.
  
• 5.
  Ibid.
  
• 6.
  Brescia and Bergamo are towns in northern Italy.
  
• 7.
  Wertime, “Asian Influences,” p. 397.
  
• 8.
  Butters,
  Triumph of Vulcan.
  
• 9.
  Needham,
  Science and Civilisation,
  vol. 30. pt. II
  
• 10.
  Genius of China,
  pp. 224–228.
  
• 11.
  Goodrich, L. Carrington, and Fêng Chia-Shêng.
  “The Early Development of Firearms in China.” Isis
  36, no. 2 (Jan. 1946): 114–23. Viewable on JSTOR.
  
• 12.
  Temple,
  Genius,
  p. 230.
  
• 13.
  Ibid., p. 234.
  
• 14.
  Cited in Needham,
  Science and Civilisation,
  vol. 30, pt. II.
  
• 15.
  Temple,
  Genius,
  p. 237.
  
• 16.
  Goodrich and Feng, “Early Development.”
  
• 17.
  Eichstadt,
  Bellifortis
  ; Thorndike, “Unidentified Work,” p. 42.
  
• 18.
  Thorndike, “Unidentified Work,” p. 42.
  
• 19.
  Ibid., p. 37.
  
• 20.
  Ibid., p. 38.
  
• 21.
  Needham,
  Science and Civilisation,
  vol. 30, pt. II, p. 51.
  
• 22.
  A Stuart Weller “Francesco di Giorgio Martini 1439–1501” University of Chicago Press, Chicago Ill 1943 at p. 74.
  
• 23.
  Ibid.
  
• 24.
  Refer to
  1434
  website under “cannon.”
  
• 25.
  Chien Tzu Lei Phao
  .
  
• 26.
  Huo Lung Chung,
  pt. 1, ch. 2, pp. 2, 2a, 10a.
  
• 27.
  Ibid., p. 16a
  
• 28.
  MS 5, IV. 5 (BCS) c. 5R.
  

Chapter 20: Printing

• 1.
  Ottley, and Humphreys,
  History.
  
• 2.
  Needham,
  Science and Civilisation
  , vol. 32, pp. 100–75; and Deng
  Ancient Chinese Inventions,
  pp. 21–23.
  
• 3.
  Needham,
  Science and Civilisation,
  vol. 32, pp. 100–175, esp. p. 172. For
  Yongle Dadian
  see p. 174, n. c. See also Wu, “Development.”
  
• 4.
  Hessel,
  Haarlem,
  and Humphreys,
  History,
  p. 55.
  
• 5.
  “The Case of Rival Claimants,” p. 170.
  
• 6.
  Bibs. 7, 8, and 9.
  
• 7.
  Blaise Agüeras y Arcas and Paul Needham Reported on Google.
        APHA/Grolier Club lecture by Paul Needham and Blaise LECTURE:
        Agueras y Arcas—(organisation of Book Collectors)
        January 2001. New York.
        PAPER:
        Agüera y Arcas, Blaise; Paul Needham (November 2002). “Computational analytical bibliography”.
  Proceedings Bibliopolis Conference
  The future history of the book, The Hague (Netherlands): Koninklijke Bibliotheek.
  
• 8.
  Ottley,
  Inquiry,
  p. 47; and Termanza, “Lettere,” vol. 5 p. 321.
  
• 9.
  “Early Venetian Printing,” exhibition, Kings College, London, Dec. 2006.
  
• 10.
  Carmichael,
  Plague and the Poor,
  pp. 124–26.
  

Chapter 21: China's Contribution to the Renaissance

• 1.
  Zinner,
  Regiomontanus,
  pp. 112–13.
  
• 2.
  Liu Manchums, evidence at Nanjing Conference Dec 2002.
  
• 3.
  Ibid.
  
• 4.
  Villiers and Earle,
  Albuquerque,
  pp. 29–65; and in Antonio de Bilhao Pato,
  Cartas de Afonse de Albuquerque Seguides de dowmentos que as elucidam,
  vol. 1, letter 9 (April 1512): pp. 29–65. Translation and research by E Manuel Stock.
  
• 5.
  O Brasil invar Portulano do
  sec xv (Brasil on a Map of Fifteenth Century)
  
• 6.
  Thorndike, “Unidentified Work,” p. 42.
  
• 7.
  Corte são, “Pre-Columbian Discovery,” p. 39.
  
• 8.
  Thompson, Friar's Map, pp. 171–74.
  
• 9.
  Fiske, John.
        The Discovery of America—With Some Account of Ancient America and the Spanish Conquest (two volumes). Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1892. Reprinted 1920.
  
• 10.
  Thompson,
  Friar's Map,
  “Venice Goes West,” p. 171. Sinovic, 1991, p. 155.
  
• 11.
  Duchess of Medina-Sidonia's collection of Columbus record, in her Library at Sanlucar de Barrameda.
  
• 12.
  Ruggero, Marino,
  Cristoforo Colombo: L'ultimo dei Templari.
  Milan: Sperling, Kupfer Editori, 2005.
  
• 13.
  Royal Geographical Society Journal Davies, “Behaim, Martellus and Columbus,” 143, pt. 3: 451–59.
  
• 14.
  Encyclopedia Britannica, New
  “The Copernican Revolution.” S. V. “Copernicus, Nicolaus,” and also Zinner,
  Regiomontanus,
  p. 183.
  
• 15.
  Ibid., Zinner, p. 183.
  
• 16.
  Ibid.
  
• 17.
  This is being corrected in the latest edition.
  
• 18.
  Ernst Zinner,
  Regiomontanus,
  pp. 184–185.
  
• 19.
  Swerdlow, “Derivation.”
  
• 20.
  “Derivation.”
  
• 21.
  Ibid.
  
• 22.
  See Gou Shoujing's third-degree method of interpolation in Aslaksen and Ng Say Tiong, “Calendars, Interpolation.”
  
• 23.
  Siderius. See
  New Encyclopedia Brittanica
  
• 24.
  New Encyclopedia Brittanica,
  15th ed., S. V. 1994 “Galilei, Galileo.”
  
• 25.
  Mui, Dong, and Zhou, “Ancient Chinese.”
  
• 26.
  Gadol,
  Leon Battista Alberti.
  
• 27.
  Sorenson and Raish,
  Pre-Columbian Contact;
  and Johannesen and Sorenson, Biology
  
• 28.
  Thompson,
  Friar's Map
  ; and letters to author 2003–2007
  

Chapter 22: Tragedy on the High Seas: Zheng He's Fleets Destroyed by a Tsunami

This chapter relies heavily on the work of Professor Ted Bryant and Dr. Dallas Abbott and colleagues; please refer to the Acknowledgments section.

• 1.
  Legend of the bear climbing out of a wrecked ship on Clatsop Beach. This is Chinook folklore, recounted to us by Catherine Herrold Troeh.
  
• 2.
  The legend is corroborated by a similar one of the Crow people, told to us by Frank Fitch.
  
• 3.
  Zatta's map appears on our
  1434
  website as do drawings of Chinese people made during Russian expeditions carried out before Vancouver or Cook.
  
• 4.
  These figures are explained in more detail in chapter 2.
  
• 5.
  This correspondence was in 2002.
  
• 6.
  The relevant part of this is reported on the
  1434
  website
  
• 7.
  Keddie, Grant, “Contributions to Human History,” published by Royal British Columbia Museum, No. 3, March 19, 1990.
  
• 8.
  Further details of the Washington potters may be found on our
  1434
  website
  
• 9.
  Professor Marianna Fernandez Cobo and colleagues (see Bibliography)
  
• 10.
  Professor Gabriel Novick and colleagues (see Bibliography)
  
• 11.
  Diego Ribero's chart of 1529 can be seen on our
  1434
  website. It contains accurate mapping details of places from South America to Indonesia, which in 1529 had not been “discovered” by Europeans and were unknown to them.
  
• 12. Rostowerski, Maria—“History of the Inca Realm”, Cambridge University Press, 1999
  
• 13. Macedo Justo Cáceres “Pre-Hispanic Cultures of Peru,” Peruvian National Museum, Lima, Peru, 1985.
        Copper coins—these were the shape of small axes. See our
  1434
  website for the section on coinage.