Authors: Giles MacDonogh
51
“Nobody who knew the average Viennese:
Safrian,
Eichmann
, 31; Lauterbach, in BBD Acc 3121/c11/12/2/1938. When the Austrian authorities sought to atone for the violence after 1945, the Viennese were found to be suffering from collective amnesia. In Erdberg they tracked down the chief perpetrator, Josef Breitschneider. Despite the almost total lack of witnesses for the prosecution, he was sentenced to eighteen months and released after six.
51
“
Arisches Schwein geht
:
Elisabeth Klamper, “Der schlechte Ort zu Wien: Zur Situation der Wiener Juden vom ‘Anschluss’ bis zum Novemberpogrom 1938,” in Historisches Museum,
Novemberpogrom
, 34–35.
51
Once the torturers had been paid off:
Emilie Reich in Reich and Reich,
Zweier Zeugen Mund
, 268.
51
Since the police and the SA:
Botz,
Nationalsozialismus
, 74.
51
The emptying of the Schiffmann stores:
Hans Witek, “‘Arisieren’ in Wien: Aspekte nationalsozialistischer Enteignungspolitik 1938–1940,” in Talos et al.,
NS-Herrschaft
, 795.
52
“
Darr Jud muss weg und sein
:
Safrian,
Eichmann
, 34.
52
Of assets totaling 9 million marks:
Rosenkranz,
Verfolgung
, 30.
52
signs banning Jews:
Rosenkranz,
Verfolgung
, 28.
52
His wife, Lilly, was murdered:
Sophie Lillie,
Was einmal war: Handbuch der enteigneten Kunstsammlungen Wiens
(Vienna, 2003), 429–430.
52
He was summoned before the head:
Elfriede Schmidt,
1938 . . . Und was dann? Fragen und Reaktionen
(Thaur bei Innsbruck, 1988), 2.
52
The physiologist Otto Loewi:
Schmidt,
Und was dann
? 18.
52
“The chap didn’t want to come:
Reich and Reich,
Zweier Zeugen Mund
, 61.
53
in the tradition of good
Adabeis
:
From
auch dabei
, the traditional Viennese gawper, but with a malicious implication.
53
Friedell’s arrest:
Troller,
Fidele Grab
, 253.
53
Friedell had jumped to conclusions:
Berkley,
Vienna and Its Jews
, 274.
53
Freud’s four sisters were all murdered:
Lydia Marinelli, ed.,
Freuds verschwundener Nachbarn
(exhibition catalogue), Vienna, 2003, 28.
53
He was murdered by the SS man:
Schwerin,
Junge Generation
, 145.
55
Only Party members wore swastikas:
Emilie Reich, in Reich and Reich,
Zweier Zeugen Mund
, 262–263, 267.
55
the price had risen:
Robert Young,
A Young Man Looks at Europe
(London, 1938), 327.
57
Captain von Köpenick from his own play:
In
Der Hauptmann, von Köpenick,
an unemployed cobbler and petty crook, dresses up as a Prussian officer and manages to commandeer the petty cash in the town hall of Köpenick near Berlin. It was based on a true story, and particularly loathed by the Nazis.
57
Only when Swiss guards entered:
Zuckmayer,
Stück von mir
, 94–107.
57
Zuckmayer records that aristocrats:
Zuckmayer,
Stück von mir
, 90.
58
twenty-three bullet holes:
Gedye,
Fallen Bastions
, 54.
58
Many of them were arrested:
Herta Maria von Kubinzky in Schmidt,
Und was dann
? 120–121.
58
There were only tiny pockets:
Rosenkranz,
Verfolgung
, 13.
58
In Rechnitz there were:
BBD Acc 3121/c11/12/2/1938; Rosenkranz,
Verfolgung
, 45.
59
“We have never seen anything:
BBD, C11A/7, April 6, 1938.
59
“The Situation in Austria is even worse:
BBD, C11A/7, April 6, 1938.
59
Lang’s secretary, Alan Don:
Chandler, “Church of England,” 230.
59
They were eventually allowed to go:
http://oesterreich-2005.at/projekte/1143303416/1143309027
.
59
an exception was made for Alphons Barb:
Barb was the author’s godfather. In Britain he found work in a bicycle factory in Leeds.
60
He was allowed to continue to live:
Rosenkranz,
Verfolgung
, 153; private information.
60
Very few wriggled through the net:
Ludwig Reichhold, “Die Liquidierung der Vaterländischen Front,” in Stadt Wien,
Wien 1938
, 25; Wolfgang Neugebauer, introduction to Reich and Reich,
Zweier Zeugen Mund
, 14; Lang,
Wolff
, 87.
60
Most of them were released:
Jonny Moser,
Die Juden Verfolgung in Österreich 1938–1945
(Vienna, 1966), 5; Marianne Engel, “Archive des Grauens,”
Profil
, July 23, 2001.
61
He was to get fresh furniture:
Padfield,
Himmler
, 222, from Lang,
Wolff
, 89–90.
61
The desecration of the sign:
Lang,
Wolff
, 91.
61
“with all means”:
Safrian,
Eichmann
, 27.
61
“crush the assimilatory organisations.”:
Safrian,
Eichmann
, 27
62
little love lost between them:
Venus and Wenck,
Die Entziehung jüdischen Vermögens
, 21.
62
“penniless vagabond.”:
Frischauer,
Goering
, 154.
62
“Otherwise these scenes of brotherhood:
Klepper,
Tagebücher
, 564.
62
the Hotel Weinzinger:
The hotel was pulled down in the 1960s.
62
“Italy was not at all opposed.”:
Der Stürmer
12, March 1938.
62
The enthusiasm that Hitler observed:
Kershaw,
Nemesis
, 80.
62
He had originally planned:
Haas, “Der Anschluss,” 47.
63
Under him served a small group:
Emmerich Talos, “Die Etablierung der Reichsgaue der ‘Ostmark,’” in Talos et al.,
NS-Herrschaft
, 59.
63
Theodor Habicht:
Gerard Jagschitz, “Von der ‘Bewegung’ zum Apparat,” in Talos et al.,
NS-Herrschaft
, 98.
63
Hitler did not trust Austrians:
In the directorate of finance in Hitler’s hometown of Linz, for example, thirty of the sixty-five staff were from across the border. Jagschitz, “Von der ‘Bewegung’ zum Apparat,” 101.
64
On March 17, the spokesman:
Helene Maimann, “Die Reaktionen der Auslandspresse auf den ‘Anschluss’ Österreichs an das Deutsche Reich,” in Stadt Wien,
Wien 1938
, 116–117.
64
Once upon a time he had earned:
Lang,
Wolff
, 88.
64
There was no denying the enthusiasm:
Young,
A Young Man
, 336.
64
“apart from the Jews in Vienna:
Frischauer,
Goering
, 154.
65
his “delight at the old dream of German unity”:
Liebmann,
Innitzer
, 66–67.
65
Elsewhere the abbot Ambros Minarz:
Sebastian Bock,
Österreichs Stifte unter dem Hackenkreuz: Zeugnisse und Dokumente aus der Zeit des Nationalsozialismus 1938–1945
(Vienna, 1995), 54.
65
He took no notice of Hitler’s:
Liebmann,
Innitzer
, 66–67.
65
Everyone in the Church feared a new
Kulturkampf
:
During the first
Kulturkampf
Chancellor Bismarck tried to break the Catholics after the creation of the Second Reich.
65
On March 13, the bishop:
Rosenkranz,
Verfolgung
, 23–24.
65
Papen believed that Austria:
Papen,
Memoirs
, 432.
66
Hitler reassured Innitzer:
Erika Weinzierl, “Kirche und Nationalsozialismus in Wien im März 1938,” in Stadt Wien,
Wien 1938
, 168–169.
66
The SS scattered:
Liebmann,
Innitzer
, 71 and 264 n156. Hitler’s adjutant, Gerhard Engel, was witness to the blessing.
66
“breach of loyalty and treason”:
Goebbels,
Tagebücher I, V
, 242.
66
Certain Evangelicals had been hoping:
Walter Sauer, “Loyalität, Konkurrenz oder Widerstand?” in Talos et al.,
NS-Herrschaft
, 162–163.
66
“a popular uprising:
Goebbels,
Tagebücher I, V
, 209.
66
but to some extent he had connived:
Botz,
Nationalsozialismus
, 95.
66
On returning to the airport:
Spitzy,
So haben wir das Reich verspielt
, 249.
66
“such as the capital:
Patricia Meehan,
The Unnecessary War: Whitehall and the German Resistance to Hitler
(London, 1992), 51.
67
a “completely undisciplined manner.”:
Safrian,
Eichmann
, 31.
67
At the time of the plebiscite:
Klamper, “Der schlechte Ort zu Wien,” 37.
67
The next day Berlin reaffirmed:
Reichsgesetzblatt I, 1938, 262.
67
“Germany is governed by the rule:
Safrian,
Eichmann
, 32.
67 “
There will be no organised pogroms:
Later certain Nazis would ignore this, particularly Goebbels.
67 “
Frau Hintenhuber:
A typically Aryan Austrian or South German name.
67
They were to be arrested:
Gerhard Jagschitz, “Von der ‘Bewegung’ zum Apparat,” in Talos et al.,
NS-Herrschaft
, 94.
67
Once again the Nazis:
Botz,
Nationalsozialismus
, 133.
67
“Then we’ll throw away:
Goebbels,
Tagebücher I, V
, 216.
67
The policy of Beck:
Goebbels,
Tagebücher I, V
, 228.
67
For Hitler, the Teschen pocket:
Roos,
Polen und Europa
, 301, 305, 307–308.
68
In the meantime any German:
Roos,
Polen und Europa
, 319.
68
“First comes Czecho:
Goebbels,
Tagebücher I, V
, 222.
68
“as Germans to recognise:
Printed in Schmidt,
Und was dann?
296.
68
Austrian priests had already suffered:
Haas, “Der Anschluss,” 46.
68
Waitz wrote of his astonishment:
Liebmann,
Innitzer
, 76, 78, 93–94.
68
Eichmann slapped Löwenherz:
Cesarani,
Eichmann
, 63.
69
The IKG was asked to raise:
Safrian,
Eichmann
, 37.
69
The Gestapo provided:
Mang,
Mein Name ist Huber
, 21.
69
The father of writer Erich Fried:
Tina Walzer and Stephan Templ,
Unser Wien: ‘Arisierung’ auf Oesterreichisch
(Berlin, 2001), 30.
69
He was also one of the three:
Engel, “Archive des Grauens.”
70
“soft and spineless.”:
Wolfgang Neugebauer, “Der NS-Terrorapparat,” in Talos et al.,
NS-Herrschaft
, 730.
70
There was a mythical Viennese:
Troller,
Fidele Grab
, 224.
70
They even reported the assistant:
Engel, “Archive des Grauens.”
70
the decommissioned Northwest Station:
Goebbels spoke for three hours there three days later. In his own account, he was received with “storms of excitement.” (
Tagebücher I, V
, 238).
71
The federal reserves would provide:
Tooze,
Wages
, 246.
71
Jewish businesses were to be:
Walzer and Templ,
Unser Wien
, 38.
71
Göring had had a letter from Queen Mary:
Irving,
Göring
, 218.
71
Baron Louis was being held:
Raul Hilberg,
The Destruction of the European Jews
, 3 vols., 3rd. ed. (New Haven, 2003), 1:100–101.
72
The business was eventually split:
Hilberg,
Destruction
, 1:118–119.
72
It was important that the state:
Walzer and Templ,
Unser Wien
, 39–40.
72
From now on the Nazi:
Walzer and Templ,
Unser Wien
, 40.
72
This is borne out by the figures:
Rosenkranz,
Verfolgung
, 40–41.
73
“I cannot take responsibility:
Reich and Reich,
Zweier Zeugen Mund
, 201.
73
Jobs were to be created:
Gerhard Botz, “Beseitigung der Arbeitslosigkeit in Wien 1938/1939,” in Stadt Wien,
Wien 1938
, 190.
73
Giving them work would make:
Botz,
Nationalsozialismus
, 172.
73
Beneš was opposed to:
Goebbels,
Tagebücher I, V
, 159.