A Troublesome Inheritance: Genes, Race and Human History (31 page)

Natufian culture,
82

natural selection,
1
,
2
–4,
11
,
72
,
73
,
75
,
76
,
78
,
114
,
155
,
222
,
243
–44,
245

diversity reduction and,
102

fingerprints of, in human genome,
102
–10

human social behavior and,
40
,
41
,
66

MAO-A gene and,
55
,
56

neutral
v
ariations in,
102

purifying,
73
,
87
–88

trust and,
53

whites of the eyes and,
40

nature
v
s. nurture,
26

Nazi Germany,
16
,
25
,
34
–35

eugenics program in,
35
–37

Holocaust and,
31
,
36
–37,
69
,
198

Neanderthals,
77

Near East,
4
,
85
,
182
,
227

Neolithic Age,
197

nervous system,
109

neurotransmitters,
54
–55

New Guinea,
83
,
84
,
93
,
94
,
222

Newton, Isaac,
216

Niemann-Pick disease,
206

Nigeria,
13
,
176

Noah’s ark,
18

Nordics,
31
,
32
,
35
,
37

norepinephrine,
54
–55

North, Douglass,
124
,
136
,
243

North Korea,
13
,
179
–80,
189

Nuremberg Law,
36

Ögedei Khan,
234

Olmec state,
134

Olympic Games,
8

On Civility in Children
(Erasmus),
168

On the Natural Variety of Mankind
(Blumenbach),
18
–19

On the Origin of Species
(Darwin),
16
,
22

Oriental Jews (Mizrahim),
200
–201,
204
,
209

Ottomans,
144
,
147
,
174
,
175
,
182
,
220
,
229
,
230
,
233
,
234
,
247

telescope introduced to,
215
–16,
217

oxytocin,
51
–53,
243

ovarian cancer,
208

pair bonding,
44
–45,
46

Paleolithic Age,
197
,
222

Passing of the Great Race, The
(Grant),
31
,
33

pastoralists,
63

patience and delayed gratification,
157
–58,
160
,
184
–85

Paul of Tarsus,
211

Pearl, Raymond,
29

pedomorphic evolution,
167

peopling of the world,
76
–80,
84

Persia,
212
,
213

Peru,
186

Pharisees,
210

phenotypes,
75
,
109

physical anthropologists,
69
–70,
82

physical characteristics, genes and,
87
–92

Pinker, Steven,
169
–72

plagues,
153

Pleistocene Ice Age,
76
,
81
,
83

Polynesia,
134

Pomeranz, Kenneth,
154
,
179

population,
11
,
245
,
246

budding,
76

in evolution of societies,
132
–34

increases in,
64
,
83
,
85

major splits in,
85
–86,
93

Malthusian trap and,
149
,
152
,
153
–54,
162
,
179
,
203
,
222

movements of,
80
–81

peopling of the world,
76
–80

and transition to settled life from hunter-gatherer societies,
128
–29

poverty, escape from,
177
–82

primates,
242

chimpanzees,
see
chimpanzees

printing presses,
229
,
231

Pritchard, Jonathan,
103
,
105
,
106
,
109
,
111
,
112

property rights,
194
,
224
,
237

Protestantism,
126

Ptolemaic system,
216
,
217

punishment,
49
–50,
57
–58,
124
,
125
,
238
,
243

in hunter-gatherer societies,
49

self-,
125

pygmies,
101
,
112
–13

Qur’an,
229

race(s):

agreement for existence of,
69

AIMs (ancestry informative markers) and,
70
,
115
–16

arguments against existence of,
117
–22

biological basis for,
4
,
5
,
68

classification of,
18
–23,
92
–94,
119
,
121

as clusters of
v
ariation,
96
–102

culture and,
184
,
185

denial of existence of,
67
–68,
70
,
91

distinct boundaries lacking between,
121

evolution and,
71
–75

evolutionary perspectives on,
239
–51

five continental,
92
–94,
96
,
97
–98,
100

genes and,
95

genetics of,
95
–122

genetic structure of,
114
–17

interbreeding and,
17
,
19
,
23
,
71
,
75
,
78
,
92

political agendas and,
37
,
68
–69,
201

separate creation of,
20
,
21

as separate species,
20
,
22
–23

as social construct,
5
,
68
,
119

social scientists’ view of,
5

speciation and,
71
–75,
76

three principle,
2
,
4

understanding,
249
–51

Race? Debunking a Scientific Myth
(Tattersall and DeSalle),
67
–68

racial differences, genomics and,
7
–9

racism,
17
–18,
120
,
201
,
222
,
250

emergence of,
17
,
18

ethnic prejudice
v
s.,
17

fear of promoting,
2
,
6
,
10
,
249
,
251

hierarchy of races in,
17

opposition to,
7

Rambam Health Care Center,
56

rats,
54

reason,
232

recombination,
106

religion,
50
,
63
,
124
–26,
130
–31,
142
,
231
,
232

Christianity,
see
Christianity

in European institutions,
145
–46

in hunter-gatherer societies,
130
–31

Islam,
229
,
230

Judaism,
210
–11

religious office,
133

reproduction, age at first,
3

Ricci, Matteo,
217
–18

Risch, Neil,
97
,
207

Robinson, James,
148
–49,
175
,
180
,
193
–96

Rockefeller Foundation,
28
–29,
38

Roman empire,
140
,
141
,
201

Roosevelt, Theodore,
29

Rosenberg, Noah,
97
–99

rule following,
49
,
57
,
124
,
125
,
188
,
238
,
243

see also
law

Russia,
135
,
187
,
220
,
229
,
246

Sabeti, Pardis,
105

Sachs, Jeffrey,
183
–84

Sahul,
76
,
93

Saint Louis University,
56

Salzman, Philip,
174

Samuelson, Paul,
6

saving and thrift,
156
,
160
,
172
,
183
,
184
–85,
244

Schall
v
on Bell, Adam,
218

science,
248
,
249

astronomy,
215
–19,
228

in China,
228
–32

in Islamic world,
228
–32

perversions of,
16
–38

Western,
220
,
222
,
224
,
228
–32,
233
,
234

Scientific Revolution,
216

Selim I, Sultan,
229

Sephardim,
200
–201,
204
,
206
,
209

serotonin,
54
–55

sexual selection,
86
,
90
,
91

Shah Jahan,
216

shame,
50
,
125

Shang Yang,
139
,
140

shared intentionality,
48
,
49

Shaw, George Bernard,
33

Sherratt, Yvonne,
37

Shih, Jean,
55

sickle-cell anemia,
111
,
116
,
206

Singapore,
13
,
147
,
148
,
187

skeletons,
106
,
107
,
108
,
167

gracilization of,
82

see also
skulls

skin color,
41
,
80
–81,
85
,
86
–88,
92
,
106
,
108
,
109
–10,
111
–12,
114
,
118
,
236
,
250

Skorecki, Karl,
56

skulls,
70
,
84
,
118
,
121

gracilization of,
167
–68,
170

Mongoloid,
91

slavery,
21
,
170

military,
142
–44

SLC24A5 gene,
88
,
111

Smith, Adam,
235

SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms),
79
,
99
–100,
102
,
116
,
200

social behaviors,
109
,
124
,
236
–37,
241
–44,
246
,
248
–51

aggression and,
see
aggression

changes in,
126

chimpanzee society and,
41
–47

cooperation in,
47
–50,
51
,
62
,
124
,
243

and development of large hierarchical organizations,
63
,
83
,
85

economic progress and,
183
–89

environment and,
57
–61

evolution and,
65
–66

and expansion of populations and social structures,
64

eyes and,
39
–40

genes and,
9
,
41
,
46
–47,
50
–51,
53
,
57
–59,
64
,
85

genetically based,
126

history and,
9
–13,
135
–46

institutions’ effect on,
147
–49

modulation of,
185

natural selection and,
40
,
41
,
66

origins of,
39
–66

shaping of,
62
–64

and transition to settled life from hunter-gatherer societies,
127
–32

trust in,
see
trust

social cohesion,
126

Social Darwinism,
16
,
18
,
24
–25,
27
,
37
,
249

social institutions,
14
,
58
,
59
,
62
,
63
–64,
66
,
123
–49,
150
,
236
,
241
,
242
,
250

effects on social and individual behavior,
147
–49

genetics and culture blended in,
124
–27

history and,
135
–46

institutional drift and,
196

longevity of,
126
,
135
,
150

national failure and,
193
–96

transfer of,
14
,
148
,
241

and transition to settled life from hunter-gatherer societies,
127
–32