A World on Fire: Britain's Crucial Role in the American Civil War (155 page)

54.
MHS, Adams MSS, Diary of Charles Francis Adams, June 12, 1861.

55.
Allan Nevins,
The War for the Union
, 4 vols.; vol. 2:
War Becomes Revolution, 1862–1863
(New York, 1960), p. 245.

56.
MHS, Adams MSS, Diary of Charles Francis Adams, June 5, 1861.

57.
W. C. Ford (ed.),
A Cycle of Adams Letters, 1861–1865
, 2 vols. (Boston, 1920), vol. 1, pp. 13–15, Charles Francis Adams to Charles Francis Adams, Jr., June 21, 1861.

58.
Ibid., pp. 19–22, Charles Francis Adams to Charles Francis Adams, Jr., July 18, 1861.

59.
MHS, Adams MSS, Diary of Charles Francis Adams, June 17, 1861.

60.
Carl Schurz, “Reminiscences of a Long Life,”
McClure’s
, 26/1 (Nov. 1905), p. 642. Schurz went on to say: “I left Mr. Adams with the highest impression of his patriotism, of the clearness and exactness of his mind, of the breadth of his knowledge, and his efficiency as a diplomat.… He was, in the best sense of the term, a serious and sober man. Indeed, he lacked some of the social qualities which it may be desirable that a diplomat should possess. While he kept up in London an establishment fitting the dignity of his position as the representative of a great republic and performed his social duties with punctilious care, he was not a pleasing after-dinner speaker, nor a shining figure on festive occasions. He lacked the gifts of personal magnetism or sympathetic charm that would draw men to him.”

61.
MHS, Adams MSS, Diary of Charles Francis Adams, August 18, 1861.

62.
Ibid., June 5, 1861.

63.
Ford (ed.),
A Cycle of Adams Letters
, vol. 1, p. 7, Charles Francis Adams to Charles Francis Adams, Jr., June 7, 1861.

64.
Adams,
The Education of Henry Adams
, pp. 197, 196, 134.

65.
Wallace and Gillespie (eds.),
The Journal of Benjamin Moran
, vol. 2, June 25, 1861, p. 834.

66.
MHS, Adams MSS, Diary of Charles Francis Adams, June 18, 1861.

67.
Wendy Hinde,
Richard Cobden
(New Haven, 1987), p. 305. “As for the separation of the States,” he wrote, “if I were a citizen of a free state, I should vote with both hands for a dissolution of partnership with the slave states.”

68.
Hansard, 3rd ser., vol. 163, col. 192, May 28, 1861.

69.
Ford (ed.),
A Cycle of Adams Letters
, vol. 1, pp. 13–15, Charles Francis Adams to Charles Francis Adams, Jr., June 21, 1861.

70.
J.A.V. Chapple and Arthur Pollard (eds.),
The Letters of Mrs. Gaskell
(New York, 1997), pp. 654–58, Gaskell to Charles Elliot Norton, June 10, 1861.

71.
Belle Becker Sideman and Lillian Friedman (eds.),
Europe Looks at the Civil War
(New York, 1960), p. 62, Darwin to Asa Gray, June 5, 1861.

72.
Clare Taylor,
Britain and American Abolitionists: An Episode in Transatlantic Understanding
(Edinburgh, 1974), p. 407, R. D. Webb, July 16, 1861.

73.
February 2, 1861. But far more inflammatory had been Seward’s recent note, sent to all foreign governments, asking them to refuse asylum to escaped slaves.

74.
Englishwoman’s Journal
, June 1861.

75.
ORN, ser. 2, vol. 3, p. 202, Yancey, Rost, and Mann to Toombs, July 15, 1861.

76.
William L. Yancey Papers, Alabama Department of Archives and History, Yancey to R. Chapman, July 3, 1861.

Chapter 5: The Rebel Yell

 
1.
Martin Crawford (ed.),
William Howard Russell’s Civil War: Private Diary and Letters, 1861–1862
(Athens, Ga., 1992), p. 58, May 21, 1861.

 
2.
William Howard Russell,
My Diary North and South
(Philadelphia, 1988), ed. Eugene H. Berwanger, p. 172, June 1, 1861.

 
3.
Crawford (ed.),
William Howard Russell’s Civil War
, p. 59, May 24, 1861.

 
4.
Ibid., p. 58, May 25, 1861.

 
5.
Out of a total population of 168,675, 66,268 were immigrants.

 
6.
Crawford (ed.),
William Howard Russell’s Civil War
, p. 62, May 29, 1861.

 
7.
The Times
, May 22, 1861. For a fascinating discussion on the ethnic components of Louisiana’s regiments, see Ella Lonn,
Foreigners in the Confederacy
(Chapel Hill, N.C., repr. 2001), pp. 100–113.

 
8.
PRO FO5/788, f. 171, Mure to Lord John Russell, July 9, 1861.

 
9.
Russell,
My Diary North and South
, p. 166, May 27, 1861.

10.
William Watson,
Life in the Confederate Army: Being the Observations and Experiences of an Alien in the South During the Civil War
(London, 1887; repr. Baton Rouge, La., 1995), pp. 122, 397.

11.
Pembrokeshire RO, HDX/559/52, William Benyon to brother Thomas in Wales, May 15, 1861.

12.
Nathaniel Cheairs Hughes, Jr. (ed.),
Sir Henry Morton Stanley, Confederate
(Baton Rouge, La., 2000), p. 95.

13.
The other problem for Mure was the harassment of black British subjects. He arranged for a black Crimean War veteran to be spirited out of the city, and paid $17.40 from consulate funds to secure the release of Alexander White, another black British subject languishing in jail. PRO FO5/788, f. 171, Mure to Lord John Russell, July 9, 1861. Russell,
My Diary North and South
, p. 171, June 1, 1861.

14.
Mary Sophia Hill,
A British Subject’s Recollections of the Confederacy
(Baltimore, 1875), p. 7, June 8, 1861.

15.
Ibid.

16.
Ibid., p. 60.

17.
Ibid., p. 8, June 20, 1861.

18.
Columbia University, Blackwell MSS, Elizabeth Blackwell to Barbara Bodichon, April 23, 1861.

19.
William Quentin Maxwell,
Lincoln’s Fifth Wheel
(New York, 1956), p. 6.

20.
Ibid., p. 8.

21.
Columbia University, Blackwell MSS, Elizabeth Blackwell to Barbara Bodichon, June 6, 1861.

22.
Ibid.

23.
Dorothy Clarke Wilson,
Lone Woman
(Boston, 1970), p. 388.

24.
Columbia University, Blackwell MSS, Elizabeth Blackwell to Barbara Bodichon, June 6, 1861.

25.
Wellcome Institute, Verney MS 8999/24, Florence Nightingale to Sir Henry Verney, June 11, 1861.

26.
Columbia University, Blackwell MSS, Elizabeth Blackwell to Barbara Bodichon, June 6, 1861.

27.
Henri Le Caron,
Twenty-Five Years in the Secret Service: The Recollections of a Spy
(16th edn., London, 1893), p. 10.

28.
PRO FO282/6, ff. 350–51, d. 20, Archibald to Lord Lyons, April 29, 1861.

29.
PRO 33/22/39, f. 71, Archibald to Lord John Russell, April 24, 1861.

30.
PRO FO282/6, ff. 335–46, Archibald to Lord John Russell, April 24, 1861.

31.
Some, like Mr. Murphy from Petersfield, England, were running away from debts, wives, and other burdens. His wife tried everything to locate him, even writing to President Lincoln to ask “Your Majesty” for help since “myself and dear baby are starving.… Should he be with any of your magistys [
sic
] regiments will you send the word.” NARA, RG94, entry 416, box 47, 1861 E–K, S. 396, Mrs. E Murphy to President Lincoln, August 29, 1861.

32.
Corcoran’s insubordination led to his arrest and appearance before a court martial. He was in limbo, still under arrest but with no trial in sight, until the Battle of Fort Sumter. Corcoran immediately offered the services of the 69th. This posed an uncomfortable dilemma for the authorities until Governor Morgan issued a pardon and the charges against Corcoran could be dismissed.

33.
Richard Demeter,
The Fighting 69th: A History
(Pasadena, Calif., 2002), p. 59. The 69th’s flag boldly proclaimed the allegiance of its members. Made of green cloth, at the top was the Fenian symbol of the sunburst, in the middle a golden harp, and along the bottom a wreath of shamrocks.

34.
BL Add. MS 415670, f. 214, Herbert to mother, July 18, 1861.

35.
Wiltshire and Swindon RO, 2536/10, Edward Best to Aunt Sophie, May 10, 1861.

36.
PRO FO282/8, ff. 22–24, Edward Archibald to Lord John Russell, April 26, 1861.

37.
The best history of the British origins of the 36th New York Volunteers can be found at
http://www.conversantcomm.pl/36thNY/History2.htm
.

38.
Boston Herald
, April 20, 1861, p. 4, col. 1.

39.
Albion
, May 25, 1861.

40.
New-York Historical Society,
Narrative of Ebenezer Wells
(
c.
1881), n.pp.,
c.
June 2, 1861.

41.
Ibid.

42.
Russell,
My Diary North and South
, p. 376.

43.
Roxbury City Gazette,
June 27, 1861, p. 2.

44.
Illustrated London News
, July 6, 1861, p. 22.

45.
James M. Perry,
A Bohemian Brigade: The Civil War Correspondents
(Hoboken, N.J., 2000), p. 190.

46.
Illustrated London News
, August 3, 1861, p. 121.