Acid Dreams: The Complete Social History of LSD (52 page)

“We were not afraid to try”
O
quoted in
Mission: Mind Control,
ABC News Close-up, January 30, 1979.

“There is no reason to believe”
D
(OSS) Memorandum for the File, 5 April 1946.

“injected into any type of food”
ibid.

“TD appears to relax all inhibitions”
ibid.

“to discuss psychologically charged topics”
D
(OSS) “Report on TD ‘Truth Drugs,’” 2 June 1943.

“The drug defies all but”
D
(OSS) Memorandum for the File, “TD Material,” 31 January 1946.

Description of Project CHATTER. D (CIA) Memorandum for the File, “Meeting with IAC Representatives of Project BLUEBIRD,” 25 July 1951; and CR
Biomedical and Behavioral Research,
1975, Joint Hearings before the Subcommittee on Health of the Committee on Labor and Public Welfare and the Subcommittee on Administrative Practice and Procedure of the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, September 10, 12, and November 7, 1975, p. 989.

“impossible to impose one’s will”
D
(navy) “German Aviation Medical Research at the Dachau Concentration Camp,” US Naval Technical Mission (Report no. 331-N45), October 1945.

Strughold, the German scientist whose chief subordinates
A
Charles R. Allen, Jr., “Hubertus Strughold, Nazi in USA,”
Jewish Currents,
December 1974.

“the amounts of scopolamine”
D (CIA) 8 June 1954 (untitled.).

“we’re now convinced that we can maintain”
D
(CIA) “‘ARTICHOKE,’ Special Comments,” 26 November 1952.

“to justify giving the green light”
D
(CIA) “ARTICHOKE Techniques,” 21 June 1952.

“not fit for public consumption”
D
(CIA) “Subconscious Isolation,” July 1951.

“broad and comprehensive, involving both domestic”
D
(CIA) Memorandum to the File, “Notes on meeting held 23 July 1951 in Room 2519
H
Building and Room 2505-A H Building.”

“exploitable alteration of personality”
D
(CIA) “Report of the Ad Hoc Medical Study Group,” 15 January 1953.

“potential agents, defectors, refugees”
D
(CIA) “Organization of a Special Defense Interrogation Program,” 11 June 1951.

fact-finding missions . . . to procure samples of rare herbs
D
(CIA) “Exploration of Potential Plant Resources in the Caribbean Region,” 7 February 1956.

“Cocaine’s general effects have been”
D
(CIA) “Cocaine” (undated).

“produced free and spontaneous speech”
ibid.

heroin that ex-Nazi pilots under CIA contract smuggled
B
William R. Corson,
Armies of Ignorance: The Rise of the American Intelligence Empire,
pp. 321–12.

mobsters who moonlighted as CIA hitmen
B
Henrik Kruger,
The Great Heroin Coup: Drugs, Intelligence, and International Fascism.

“can be useful in reverse because of the stresses”
D
(CIA) Memorandum for Assistant Director of Scientific Intelligence from R.J. Williams, Project Coordinator, “ARTICHOKE,” 26 April 1952.

—Enter LSD—

Stoll reported that LSD produced
A
Arthur W. Stoll, “LSD, a Hallucinatory Agent from the Ergot Group,”
Swiss Archives of Neurology
60 (1947): 279.

“
on the conscious suppression of experimental”
D
(CIA) 21 October 1951 (untitled).

“at least twelve human subjects”
D (CIA) “Experiments with LSD-25,” 13 August 1954.

“he gave all the details of the secret”
D
(CIA) 20 July 1954 (untitled).

“for eliciting true and accurate statements”
D
(CIA) “Potential New Agent for Unconventional Warfare, LSD,” 5 August 1954.

“We had thought at first that this was the secret”
B
quoted in Marks, p. 101.

“The most fascinating thing about it”
O
John Gittlinger quoted in
Mission: Mind Control

“serious mental confusion . . . and render the mind”
D
(CIA) “An OSI Study on the Strategic Medical Significance of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD-25),” 30 August 1955.

“Since information obtained from a person.”
CR
“Truth Drugs in Interrogation,”
Protect MK-ULTRA, The CIA’s Program of Research In Behavior Modification,
Joint Hearing before the Select Committee on Intelligence and the Subcommittee on Health and Scientific Research of the Committee on Human Resources, United States Senate, August 3, 1977, p.32

“Although no Soviet data are available”
D
(CIA) “An OSI Study on the Strategic Medical Significance of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD-25),” 30 August 1955.

“I’m sure they were”
O
quoted in
Mission: Mind Control.

“to produce anxiety or terror”
CR
“Truth Drugs in Interrogation,”
Project MK-ULTRA,
p. 32.

Security officials proposed that LSD be administered
D
(CIA) Memorandum for the Record, to Chief of Security Research Staff, from Chief, Technical Branch, “ARTICHOKE conference 22 October 1953,” 16 November 1953.

“confined merely to male volunteer trainee”
D
(CIA) Memorandum for the Record, 19 November 1953.

smart shots, memory erasers, “anti-vitamins”
D
(CIA) Draft pertaining to MK-ULTRA, Subproject 35, 5 May 1955; “Report of Trip, 6–11 April 1955 to [deleted]”; Memorandum for Deputy Director of Plans, from Marshall S. Carter, “Report of Inspection of MK-ULTRA,” 14 August 1963; Memorandum for Inspector General, “Project OFTEN,” 6 May 1974; and
A
Martin A. Lee, “CIA: Carcinogen,”
Nation,
June 5, 1982.

LSD was employed as an aid to interrogation
D
(CIA) “Specific Cases of Overseas Testing and Application of Behavioral Drugs” (undated); and Office Memorandum, 20 January 1959.

—Laboratories of the State—

CIA-linked conduits or cutouts
A
“Private Institutions Used in CIA Efforts to Control Behavior,”
New York Times,
August 2, 1977.

The Boston Psychopathic Institute . . . one hundred volunteers
A
Joseph
B
. Treatser, “Researchers Say That Students Were among 200 Who Took LSD in Tests,”
New York Times,
August 9, 1977.

“LSD and mescaline disorganize the psychic integration”
A
Paul H. Hoch, “Comments: Experimental Psychiatry,”
American Journal of Psychiatry,
111 (April 1955): 789.

“Don’t worry . . . it won’t work”
O
Nick Bercel, comments at LSD Reunion in Los Angeles, February 16, 1979.

“If the concept of contaminating”
D
(CIA) “Information from Europe Related to the Ego-Depressants, 6 August to 29 August 1952,” 4 September 1952.

“open the mind to the power of suggestion”
D
(CIA) “An OSI Study on the Strategic Medical Significance of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD-25),” 30 August 1955.

Description of Dr. Ewen Cameron’s CIA research. B Marks, pp. 131–42.

NIMH and NIH were fully cognizant
D
(CIA) Memorandum for Liaison & Security Officer/TSS, “An Account of the Chemical Division’s Contacts in the NIH,” 24 July 1953.

a new drug (usually supplied by American pharmaceutical firms)
D
(CIA) Memorandum for Director of Central Intelligence on CIA R & D Testing of Behavioral Drugs, from Inspector General Donald F. Chamberlain, 5 February 1975.

black inmates . . . given LSD for more than seventy-five consecutive days
B
Marks, p. 63.

“double, triple, quadruple doses”
D (CIA) untitled report from Dr. Harris Isbell, 14 July 1954.

“continuous gales of laughter”
D
(CIA) H. Isbell, “Comparisons of the Reactions Induced by Psilocybin and LSD-25 in Man,” 5 May 1959.

“will most probably be found in the biochem:stry departments”
D
(CIA) untitled cable, 26 May 1954.

the purchase of ten kilos of LSD
D
(CIA) Memorandum to Chief of Security Research Staff, from Chief of Technical Branch, “ARTICHOKE Conference, 22 October 1953,” 16 November 1953.

“This is a closely guarded secret”
D
(CIA) Memorandum to Director of Central Intelligence via Deputy Director of Plans, “Potential Large-Scale Availability of LSD through Newly-Discovered Synthesis by (deleted),” 26 October 1954.

—Midnight Climax—

“The minds of selected individuals”
D
(CIA) “Summary of Remarks by Dulles at the National Alumni Conference of the Graduate Council of Princeton University—Brain Warfare,” 10 April 1953.

“Aside from the offensive potential”
D
(CIA) Memorandum from Assistant Deputy Director of Plans Helms to Director of Central Intelligence Dulles, 3 April 1953.

attempting to have a hypnotized subject kill
D
(CIA) “ARTICHOKE Report,” 22 January 1954; and
A
“CIA Document Tells of 1954 Project to Create Involuntary Assassins,”
New York Times,
February 9, 1978.

“to high officials would be a relatively simple matter”
D
(CIA) “Summary of Conversations with [deleted] on 11 January 1952,” 5 February 1952.

“There was an extensive amount of self-experimentation”
CR
Human Drug Testing by the CIA,
p. 185.

“produce serious insanity for periods”
D
(CIA) Memorandum to Chief of Security Research Staff, “Subject: Attached,” 15 December 1954.

“I didn’t want to leave it”
B
Marks, p. 69.

“He reported afterwards . . . that every automobile”
B
ibid., p. 71.

“a psychotic state. . . with delusions of persecution”
B
ibid., p. 81.

a mildly worded reprimand
D
(CIA) Memorandum from Allen W. Dulles to Chief of Chemical Division, TSS, 10 February 1954.

White’s harem of prostitutes became the focal point
B
Marks, pp. 94–97.

“So far as I’m concerned. . .’clear thinking’ was non-existent”
L
George Hunter White to Harvey Powelson, September 30, 1970.

There he sat with gun in hand shooting wax slugs
O
Mission: Mind Control.

“concepts involved in manipulating human behavior”
D
(CIA) “Report of Inspection of MK-ULTRA,” 14 August 1963.

“positive operational capacity to use drugs”
D
(CIA) Memorandum for Director of Central Intelligence, via Deputy Director of Central Intelligence, “Unwitting Testing,” 9 November 1965.

“
Soviet research in the pharmacological agents”
D
(CIA) Memorandum for Mr. J. Lee Rankin, General Counsel, President’s Commission on the Assassination of President Kennedy, “Soviet Brainwashing Techniques,” 26 June 1964.

“
I was a very minor missionary”
B
quoted in Marks, p. 101.

Helms, who characterized the drugs as “dynamite”
CR
“Kirkpatrick Diary,” 2 December 1953,
Biomedical and Behavioral Research,
p. 1090.

One scheme involved dusting Castro’s shoes
CR
Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders,
Interim Report of the Select Committee to Study Govermental Operations with respect to Intelligence Activities, United States Senate, November 20, 1975, p. 72.

Gottlieb carried a stash of acid overseas
D
(CIA) “Project MK-ULTRA,” 9 June 1954.

—The Hallucination Battlefield—

“I do not contend that driving people crazy”
A
“An Interview with Major General William M. Creasy,”
This Week,
May 17, 1959.