19 Pizan,
BDAC
, pp. 116, 136.
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20
First English Life
, p. 38; Barber,
The Knight and Chivalry
, p. 209; Seward,
Henry V as Warlord
, pp. 149-51.
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21
GHQ
, pp. 40-1. When Henry V invaded Normandy a second time, he hired miners from Liège, suggesting that lack of military experience had been a problem for the Welsh.
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22 Ibid., pp. 42-3.
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23 Curry, p. 445;
Registres de la Jurade
, p. 257.
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24
First English Life
, p. 38; Waurin, i, p. 182.
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25 Curry, p. 445;
Registres de la Jurade
, p. 257.
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26 Curry, p. 444;
Registres de la Jurade
, p. 256.
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27 All the clinical information on dysentery which follows has been extracted from Healthlink Worldwide’s online newsletter on the control of diarrhoeal diseases,
Dialogue on Diarrhoea
, which can be found at www.rehydrate.org/dd/su55.htm. Handwashing with soap is the only proven method of preventing transmission, but dysentery can be cured with anti-microbial drugs.
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28 Henry lost thirty-three of his own horses to murrain during the campaign: W&W, ii, p. 186 n. 2.
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29 Talbot and Hammond (eds),
The Medical Practitioners in Medieval England: A Biographical Register
, p. 222;
First English Life
, p. 36.
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30 Monstrelet, iii, pp. 84-5; le Févre, i, p. 226; Waurin, i, p. 183.
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31
Foedera
, ix, pp. 288, 310, 312, 314; MS Mowbray, fos 22-4; William Beamont,
Annals of the Lords of Warrington
(Chetham Society, 1872), i, p. 239. Harington’s account was debited for this amount, plus two extra pitchers of wine.
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32
Calendar of Signet Letters of Henry IV and Henry V (1399-1422)
, p. 196 no. 964; Curry, pp. 444-5;
Registres de la Jurade
, pp. 256-7;
Foedera
, ix, pp. 310-11.
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33
ODNB
;
Calendar of Inquisitions Post Mortem, xx, 1-5 Henry V (1413- 1418)
, ed. by J. L. Kirby (HMSO, London, 1995), nos 460-1;
GHQ
, p. 45.
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34
ODNB
;
Calendar of Inquisitions Post Mortem
, nos 441-51, 452-9; Wylie, “Notes on the Agincourt Roll,” p. 130. The earl himself had brought a retinue of 40 men-at-arms and 120 archers: MS E101/45/5, TNA. For further victims of dysentery, see below, pp. 204-7.
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35
GHQ
, pp. 44-5, 47 n. 1.
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36 Ibid., pp. 48-9.
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37
St-Denys
, v, p. 538;
GHQ
, pp. 48-9.
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38 W&W, ii, pp. 52, 49 n. 1; Perceval de Cagny,
Chroniques
, ed. by H. Moranvillé (Société de l’Histoire de France, Paris, 1902), p. 95 n. 4. Jehan La Guette, otherwise known as Lescot (was he also a Scot?), was given the boat, which is described as a “galiotte” (a term usually used for a pirate vessel), and paid a salary, but ran the enterprise “at his own peril and fortune.”
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39 Monstrelet, iii, p. 84; le Févre, i, pp. 230-1. Both de Lille Adam and Brimeu would become founder members of the Burgundian order of the Toison d’Or in 1430; le Févre, who is the only chronicler to report this story, was the order’s herald, so he must have heard this story from them. They evidently took some small comfort from the fact that their captor, Sir Lewis Robsart, a long-standing member of Henry V’s household, was from Hainault.
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40 W&W, ii, p. 53 n. 1; Monstrelet, iii, p. 93.
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41 W&W, ii, pp. 52-3;
St-Denys
, v, pp. 538-41;
Bourgeois
, p. 77.
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42
St-Denys
, v, p. 540. There are some extant musters of the troops gathering at Rouen in September and October 1415; most are for very small companies of fewer than fifteen and do not give any indication of the size of the whole army. A number are summarised in René de Belleval,
Azincourt
(Paris, 1865), pp. 300-36.
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CHAPTER ELEVEN: “OUR TOWN OF HARFLEUR”
1
GHQ
, p. 49.
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2
Brut
, ii, p. 376;
St Albans
, pp. 90-1; W&W, ii, p. 49.
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3
GHQ
, pp. 48-51;
St Albans
, p. 90;
St-Denys
, v, p. 540.
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4 Bacquet, p. 91. The rumours also reached Venice: see Morosini,
Chronique
, p. 62 and n. 6.
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5
St-Denys
, v, pp. 540-3. The monk places this three-hour assault on the morning of the actual handover of the town, 22 September, which is clearly impossible, as Henry would have executed the hostages if Harfleur had offered any resistance once the agreed time had elapsed.
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6
Memorials of London and London Life
, p. 619. The abbreviated version of this letter in
Letter-Books
, i, p. 131 and
Calendar of Signet Letters of Henry IV and Henry V (1399-1422)
, p. 197 no. 965 is misleading; the latter also wrongly dates the surrender to 15 September.
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7
GHQ
, pp. 54-5; Nicolas, Appx vi, p. 24.
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8 See above, pp. 59-60.
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9
St Albans
, pp. 90-1; W&W, ii, p. 50;
GHQ
, pp. 50-1;
St-Denys
, v, pp. 540-3. The names of the hostages are given in
Chronicles of London
, ed. by Charles Lethbridge Kingsford (Alan Sutton, Gloucester, 1977), pp. 116-17.
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10 Monstrelet, iii, p. 85;
First English Life
, p. 39.
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11
St-Denys
, v, p. 538.
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12
GHQ
, pp. 52-3; Usk, p. 255.
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13
First English Life
, p. 40;
GHQ
, pp. 52-3; Elmham, “Liber Metricus,” p. 112. The
First English Life
attributes the words of surrender to Sir Lionell Braquemont, “the governor of the town,” but the chaplain, who was an eyewitness, says that de Gaucourt handed over the keys.
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14 Curry, p. 445;
Registres de la Jurade
, p. 257;
GHQ
, pp. 54-5; Monstrelet, iii, p. 94;
First English Life
, p. 40.
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15
GHQ
, p. 55;
Brut
, ii, pp. 377, 554;
St-Denys
, v, p. 544; le Févre, i, p. 229; W&W, ii, pp. 58-60. The unreliable
Chronique de Ruisseauville
claims that many of the refugees were robbed and raped by their fellow countrymen once their English escort had left them: Bacquet, p. 91.
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16 Nicolas, Appx vi, p. 24;
GHQ
, pp. 54-7.
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17 Ibid., pp. 56-9; Elmham, “Liber Metricus,” p. 113;
Foedera
, ix, p. 313.
Foedera
wrongly dates the letter to 16 September (it was actually written on 26 September, the day before de Gaucourt’s release) and mistranscribes “Guienne” as “Vienne.”
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18 Barker,
The Tournament in England 1100-1400
, pp. 158-61; Francis Henry Cripps-Day,
The History of the Tournament in England and in France
(Bernard Quaritch, London, 1918), p. 67 n. 4.
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19 The chaplain, writing the “official” version of the campaign, had clearly been provided with a copy of the challenge, which he closely paraphrases in his text:
GHQ
, pp. 56-9.
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20 The chaplain says that Henry released the French men-at-arms “with the intention and in the hope that by their instigation and good offices the peace which he so much desired might be the sooner restored”: ibid., pp. 54-5. For de Gaucourt’s later mission, see below, pp. 353-4.
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21
GHQ
, pp. 58-9.
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22 Ibid.; Capgrave, p. 131; Elmham, “Liber Metricus,” p. 113.
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23
Memorials of London and London Life
, p. 619;
Letter-Books
, i, p. 159;
Forty-Fourth Annual Report
, p. 576.
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24 Devon, pp. 341-2;
Foedera
, ix, p. 314;
CPR
, p. 364;
CCR
, p. 236.
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25 W&W, ii, pp. 64, 65 n. 3. For Curteys, see above, p. 97. For wages paid to masters of ships from Hull, King’s Lynn, Winchelsea and London, for service from 1 August see
Foedera
, ix, pp. 315-17.
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26 GHQ, pp. 58-9. Curry,
Agincourt: A New History
, p. 131, rightly observes that one cannot simply count names to ascertain the reduction in fighting strength of the army as some of those sent home were non-combatants, but the incomplete nature of the records of the sick and the identifiable losses to some companies do not support her conclusion that Henry V still had “at least” 8680 soldiers (“a minimum” 8732, p. 187) with him on his march to Calais.
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27 W&W, ii, p. 66 n. 5, 67-8;
ODNB
;
Calendar of Inquisitions Post Mortem
, nos 654-71; MS Mowbray fo. 23. The medicines were all supplied in October 1415. For Arundel, see above, pp. 20, 33-4, 45.
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28 W&W, ii, pp. 45-6;
Calendar of Inquisitions Post Mortem
, nos 302-5, 359-69, 441-51, 452-9, 460-1, 654-71. William Botiller, lord of Warrington, died on 26 September; Sir John Southworth on 5 October:
Abstracts of Inquisitions Post Mortem, made by Christopher Towneley and Roger Dodsworth
, ed. by William Langton (Chetham Society, Manchester, 1875), pp. 112-14, 117.
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29 Wylie, “Notes on the Agincourt Roll,” p. 136; W&W, i, p. 3 n. 10; ii, p. 46 n. 6;
Calendar of Inquisitions Post Mortem
, nos 359-69. Ken Mourin, “Norwich, Norfolk and Sir Thomas Erpingham,” in Curry,
Agincourt 1415
, pp. 80-1.
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30 Monstrelet, iii, p. 85.
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31 W&W, ii, p. 67 and n. 7; Wylie, “Notes on the Agincourt Roll,” pp. 131-2, 139; MS E101/47/29, TNA.
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32
Calendar of Inquisitions Post Mortem: 1413-1418
, no. 343;
GHQ
, pp. 58-9.
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33 Wylie, “Notes on the Agincourt Roll,” pp. 128, 130; Allmand,
Henry V
, p. 212.
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34 Wylie, “Notes on the Agincourt Roll,” p. 112 n. 1;
Forty-Fourth Annual Report
, p. 577; Anthony Smith, “‘The Greatest Man of That Age’: The Acquisition of Sir John Fastolf’s East Anglian Estates,” in Archer and Walker (eds),
Rulers and Ruled
, pp. 137-8.
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35
GHQ
, pp. 58-9; W&W, ii, p. 62 n. 8; Devon, pp. 345, 349.
(back to text)
36 Curry, p. 445;
Registres de la Jurade
, p. 257.
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37
GHQ
, pp. 58-9. Some of the ships had been released after six weeks’ service: that is, on 12 September, ten days before the capitulation of Harfleur. See, for example,
Foedera
, ix, p. 315.
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CHAPTER TWELVE: THE MARCH TO CALAIS
1
GHQ
, p. 60.
(back to text)
2
GHQ
, p. 58 n. 5; le Févre, i, p. 229;
First English Life
, pp. 42-3; Curry, pp. 429-30; Bacquet, p. 110.
(back to text)
3
GHQ
, p. 61. For Fusoris, see above, pp. 122-3, 164-5.
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4 See above, p. 33.
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5 Pizan,
BDAC
, pp. 37-8.
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6 Ibid., p. 38 n. 50.
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7 Norbert Ohler,
The Medieval Traveller
, trans. by Caroline Hillier (Boydell Press, Woodbridge, 1989), p. 98; Pizan,
BDAC
, p. 50 n. 72. The English chaplain (
GHQ
, pp. 60-1) believed that Calais was only 100 miles away (it was actually 150 miles away), but his mistake was not shared by the king.
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8
GHQ
, p. 61.
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9 W&W, ii, p. 88 n. 3;
St Albans
, p. 93; Elmham, “Liber Metricus,” p. 114;
GHQ
, pp. 60-1. Those French chroniclers who attempted to give a date generally referred to “the first week in October”: see, for example, Cagny,
Chroniques
, p. 97.
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10 C. R. Cheney (ed),
Handbook of Dates for Students of English History
(Royal Historical Society, London, 1978), pp. 1-2. The Julian calendar was replaced by the Gregorian calendar throughout Christendom in 1582.
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11 Ibid., pp. 3-6.
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12 Ibid., pp. 12-13, 65-9. An added complication of using regnal years was that sometimes a moveable feast, such as Easter, either dropped out of a regnal year altogether, or occurred twice.
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