All Hell Let Loose (126 page)

Ferreira, Lt. Pedro, 460

Fibich-Savchenko, Aleksandra, 162

Finland: resists Russian invasion (1939–40), 31–7; armistice with Russia (1940), 37–8; receives help from Germany, 38; allies with Germany against Russia, 168–9; Russians advance into (1944), 549–50; armistice (1944), 550; casualties, 670

Finucane, Lt. Tony, 588

First Army (British), 378

Fitch, Adm. Aubrey, USN, 240

Fitt, Sgt. Bert, 562

Flanner, Janet, 17

Fleet Air Arm: weak performance, 270, 287, 293

Fletcher, Rear-Adm. Frank, USN, 238–41, 244–5, 247, 251, 254–5

Focke-Wulf 190 (German aircraft), 474, 482

Focke-Wulf Condor (German long-range aircraft), 288

Folcher, Gustave, 58–9

Foley, Frank, 46

Force Publique (Belgian Congo), 411

Formica, Lt. Vincenzo, 372–3, 380

Fortitude
, Operation, 536

France: declares war on Germany, 1, 8–11; guarantees to Poland, 2–3; fails to support Poland, 11, 15; reluctance to take offensive against Germany, 17, 39; confronts Germany, 25–6; army demoralisation, 27; differences with Britain, 41, 50, 62–3; and Norway campaign, 48, 50–1; German advance in, 53–60, 63, 67–9; refugees from German advance, 59–60; soldiers evacuated at Dunkirk, 66–7; holds off Germans at Dunkirk, 67; defeat and surrender, 71–4; casualties, 72; Italy makes war on, 76; fleet bombarded by British, 80–1; servicemen repatriated by British, 80, 125; anti-Semitism, 81, 126, 403, 514, 660; resists British advances on territories, 81; Vichy government, 81; in Syria, 107; Vichy intervention in Iraq, 124–5; divided loyalties and anti-British sentiments, 125–7; Resistance movement, 126–7, 403; German naval bases in, 274; individual physical decline in war, 348; Vichy forces resist US landings, 376, 403; gendarmes send Jews to death camps, 402; German sympathisers and collaborators in, 402–4; colonies, 407; Vichy naval forces fight Siamese, 407; dictatorship, 458; colonial troops commit atrocities in Italy, 461, 463; pre-invasion bombing of, 485, 531–2; German economic exploitation, 503;
Service de Travail Obligatoire
(German forced labour), 503; Allied advance in, 554–5, 577–85; liberation, 577; Allied landings in south (August 1944), 579; post-war recriminations (
l’épuration
), 631, 660; maintains colonial rule in Indochina at war’s end, 658; antagonism to Britain, 660; enters war as act of principle, 660

Franco, Gen. Francisco, 105, 111–14

Frank, Anne, 402

Frank, Hans, 501

Frank, Richard, 255

Fraser, Lt. David, 10, 339, 630–1

Fredendall, Lt.Gen. Lloyd, 377

Freeman, Air Marshal Sir Wilfred, 476

French Expeditionary Corps: in Italy, 529

Freyberg, Gen. Bernard, VC, 123

Friedmann, Lt. George, 72

Friedrich, Ruth-Andreas, 620

Friend, Midshipman Charles, 285–6

Frier, J.B., 9

Fritsche, Hans, 613

Fromm, Corp. Helmut, 618, 623

Frost, Lt.-Col. John, 325, 580

Frunze, Mikhail, 152–3

Frykman, Sven, 625

Fuchida, Cdr. Mitsuo, 250

Fuchs, Karl, 148, 160

Fulton, Capt. Michael, 562

 

 

Gabor, Edith, 501

Gagliardi, Pfc Eugene, 330

Galland, Adolf, 83

Gambia: recruits from, 409

Gamble, Alan, 492

Gamelin, Gen. Maurice: preparations for war, 9; confidence in Polish resistance, 11; proposes major offensive for 1941 or 1942, 26; on public demand for action, 39; on Reynaud’s proposed strategy, 41; and German advance, 53–6, 58, 61; on French soldiers’ behaviour, 74

Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand, 418–21

Gariepy, Sgt. Leo, 534

Garland
(Polish destroyer), 290

Gaulle, Gen. Charles de: defends against German advance (1940), 68; forms ‘Free French’ force, 81; wartime French hostility to, 126; Syrian French recruits, 128; recruits from colonies, 403

Gavin, Brig.Gen. James M., 581

Gay, George, 249, 251

Gazala Line (North Africa), 136

Gebel, Ursula, 489

Gebfi, Kofi, 409

Gehlen, Col. Reinhard, 301, 527

Gensoul, Adm. Marcel-Bruno, 80–1

Georges, Gen. Joseph, 56–7

Geresomo, Batison, 409

German navy
see
Kriegsmarine

German Philharmonic Orchestra, 621

Germany: bomber offensive against, xvii, 200, 270, 363, 441, 443, 470–2, 477, 480–95, 576, 663; Britain and France declare war on, 1, 8–9; invades Poland, 1–7; non-aggression pact with Soviet Russia, 2–3; attitude to outbreak of war, 8–9; annexes western Poland, 23; Allies blockade, 26; gives aid to Finland, 38; economic and industrial problems, 40–1, 98–9, 101, 482–3; military strength, 41; invades Norway, 42, 43–5, 184; casualties and losses in Norway, 52; advance into France, 53–60, 63, 67–70; military efficiency, 60–1; casualties in 1940 campaign in France, 67, 72; and defeat of France, 73–4; triumphs in west, 77; invasion threat to Britain, 80, 90–1; intelligence weakness, 82, 87; aircraft production, 89–90, 307, 480, 482, 487; advantages from occupation of European countries, 98; military expansion (1940–41), 98; fuel shortages, 99, 163; incompetent administration of conquered lands, 101; invades and occupies Greece, 119–22; military victories, 124; invades Russia, 139, 143–5; behaviour in Soviet Russia, 141–2, 148–9, 153, 179, 319–20, 383; material aid from Russia, 144; early advances in Russia, 146–9, 158, 165; casualties and losses against Russia, 158–9, 166, 177, 181, 397, 441, 597, 614; forces and equipment worn down in Russia, 159; physical difficulties in Russia, 160–1, 165–6; questions outcome of war, 163–4; Stalingrad defeat, 165, 308–11, 316–18, 320–1, 380; retreats before Soviet offensive, 167; troops’ suffering in Russia, 178, 180; underestimates Russian resources, 178; US view of as enemy, 190; anticipates US involvement in war, 191; recognised as priority enemy, 199, 254, 432–3, 564; surface raiders, 270; iron-ore imports from Norway, 285; renewed successes in Russia (1942), 300–2; armaments output, 301, 306, 322, 381, 483; advance on Stalingrad, 302–3, 305–6; manpower shortage, 307; setbacks in Russia, 307, 320; sentimentality over Christmas, 316–17; prisoners ill-treated in Russia, 321; cause of disasters in Russia, 322; retreat from Russia, 323; total casualties, 324, 669; fighting qualities, 336–7; deserters executed, 337; uses V-weapons against Britain, 343; civilians’ experiences, 346; food and consumer goods, 347–8; female workers, 352; codes broken, 367–8; defeats in Russia (1943), 381; army deserters in Russia, 386; recruits from subject nations, 405; defensive strategy in Italy and Sicily, 443–9, 528; superiority in wireless communications, 446; casualties in Italy, 453, 529; reprisals against Italians, 460–1; casualties from bombing raids, 480; effect of bombing on civilian morale, 485–6, 489–91; slave labour, 486; downed Allied aircrew killed by crowds, 488; looters shot, 489; forced deportations and labour, 503–6; Jews deported, 512–13; numbers in Russia, 527; and Russian deception methods, 527, 550–1; escapes from Russian encirclement and entrapment, 530; infantry weapons, 539–40; casualties in Normandy, 544, 556; continues to fight in face of defeat, 552–3; military executions, 553; expectation of defeat, 576; defensive actions against Allied advance in West, 582–6; soldiers’ behaviour in Belgium, 592; Western Allies’ advance in, 605–7, 612; Allied soldiers’ behaviour in, 606; condition of army at war’s end, 609; refugees flee before Russians, 615–16; Russian army advances in, 615–18; end-of-war massacres by Nazis, 620–1; Red Army behaviour in at war’s end, 631; Western Allies’ behaviour in at war’s end, 631; reaction to war’s end, 653; material damage, 654; strategic mistakes, 662; reaction to war, 671; war criminals, 671;
see also
Kriegsmarine; Luftwaffe; Nazism

Geyr von Schweppenburg, Gen. Leo, Baron, 535, 557

Gibraltar: Germans propose seizure of, 81, 98, 105, 113; population evacuated, 105; bombed by Vichy aircraft, 125; and Malta convoys, 295

Gibson, Wing Cdr. Guy, VC, 481–2

Gilding, Walter, 65

Gloan, Pierre le, 127

Globocnik, SS-Brigadeführer Odilo, 519

Glorieux
(French submarine), 403

Gnade, Lt. Hartwig, 521

Godau, Capt. Karl, 381

Godfroy, Adm. René, 125

Godłewski, Capt., 5

Goebbels, Joseph: justifies attack on Poland, 14; on Russia, 144; disbelieves quick conclusion to war in Russia, 153; propaganda successes with young Germans, 317; on deportation of Jews, 513

Goering, Hermann: anger at outbreak of war, 8; and Luftwaffe at Dunkirk, 66–7; and air attack on Britain, 81–2, 87; on exploitation of Soviet Russia, 142; on final solution of Jewish question, 153, 506–7; on Luftwaffe at Stalingrad, 317; on RAF’s bombing of Ruhr, 484; on use of Russians to build German aircraft, 505; qualities, 662

Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 653

Gold Coast: recruits from, 409, 411

Goldberg, Szmulek, 23, 498–9

Goodwood
, Operation, 554

Gordeev, Aleksandr, 309, 382

Gort, Gen. John Standish Surtees Vereker, 1st Viscount: commands BEF, 25; disbelieves French offensive, 62; and rescue of BEF, 63

Gothic Line (Italy), 530

Gourmet
(magazine), 348

Govorov, Lt.Gen. Leonid, 311, 313

Grafton, Bob, 655

Grand Mufti of Jerusalem
see
al-Husayni, Mohammad Amin

Grant tanks: in North Africa, 366

Gray, Jimmy, 248, 252

Graziani, Marshal Rodolfo, 109–10, 115

Greater Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere (Japanese), 437

Greece: Italy prepares to attack, 109; Axis advance in, 115; Mussolini invades, 115–17; British and Anzac forces sent to, 111, 118–20; Germany invades, 119; British defeat and evacuation, 120, 122, 124; Germans occupy, 122; food shortages and starvation, 352; Germans evacuate (1944), 551; casualties, 670

Green, Muriel, 28, 93, 345, 354, 359, 376, 582

Greer, Lt. Peter, 207

Grensemann, Friedrike, 620

Griffenberg, Maj.Gen. Hans von, 146

Gros, Martha, 489, 491

Grossman, Vasily, 151, 156–8, 177, 182, 307, 310–11, 320, 355, 384, 390, 395, 613, 627

Grosz, Joseph, Bishop of Budapest, 604

Groves, Maj.Gen. Leslie, 648

Grumann, Lt. Kurt, 163, 167

Grunauer, Liselotte, 629

Gryn, Hugo, 621

Guadalcanal, 254–63

Guam, 566, 568

Guderian, Gen. Heinz: in invasion of Poland, 4; in defeat of France, 73; dismissed in Russia, 176; interrogated over evacuation of Warsaw, 615; qualities, 668

Guernica, 473

guerrillas
see
resistance groups and partisans

Guest, Lt. John, 499

Gunther, Helmut, 334

Gurkhas: qualities, 132, 435; in Malaya, 207; oppose Japanese, 434; at Monte Cassino, 457

Guzzoni, Gen. Alfredo, 444

Gwynn-Browne, Arthur, 65

gypsies: killed by Nazis, 510

 

 

Haakon VII, King of Norway, 43, 46, 50

Haape, Heinrich, 160

Haase, Maj. Karl-Günther von, 327

Hachiro, Sasaki, 201

Hahne, Dellie, 345

Halder, Gen. Franz, 70, 76, 147, 155, 164, 300, 307–9

Halifax, Frederick Edward Lindley Wood, 1st Earl of, 39

Halsey, Vice-Adm. William (‘Bull’), 261, 263, 435, 567, 570–4, 646

Hamburg: bombed, 482, 484

Hamlin, Maj. Albrecht, 631

Hanák, Capt. Sándor, 600

Hando, Kazutoshi, 431, 575, 673

Hansell, Gen. Heywood, 638

Hargreaves, Capt. Charles, 464, 466

Harnack, Helmut, 178

Harper, Tim, 500

Harris, Air Marshal Sir Arthur, 275, 476, 481–2, 483–4, 494, 531, 577

Harrison, Earl, 674

Hartmann, Hans-Jürgen, 159, 175

Haskil, Clara, 404

Haslsti, Wolf, 37

Hazra, Matongini, 419

Headlam, Cuthbert, 9, 90

Heinemann (SS officer), 145

Heinrici, Gen. Gotthard, 177, 180, 623

Hellcat (US fighter plane), 253, 567

Helli
(Greek cruiser), 116

Henderson Field
see
Guadalcanal

Hennessy, Peter, 540

Hermann Goering Division: ineptness in Sicily, 445

Hersey, John, 328

Hess, Rudolf: flees to Britain, 143

Heydrich, Richard, 519

Heyl, Lt. von, 179

Heyn, Allan, 243

Hichens, Lt. Robert, 325

Higgins, Andrew, 361–2

High Frequency Direction Finding (‘Huff-Duff’), 275, 280

Highett, Lt. Trevor, 561

Hill, Lt.Cdr David, 295

Himmler, Heinrich, 405, 508–11, 513, 514, 518, 520, 597, 662

Hirohito, Emperor of Japan, 193, 437, 649, 651

Hiroshima: atom bombed, xvi, 649–50

Hitler, Adolf: blames Jews, xvii; restricts public information, xix; invades Poland, 1–4; expansionist policy, 3, 99; and Franco-British declaration of war, 8; derided, 10; on ruthlessness of Polish invasion, 14; visits Warsaw, 22; Pope congratulates on escaping assassination attempt, 30; dominance, 41; invades Norway, 41–3; maintains large force in Norway, 52; restrains tanks at Dunkirk, 67; Mussolini’s view of, 75–6; misjudges state of Britain, 76; ambitions, 77; air assault on Britain, 79, 81, 97, 661; qualities, 79; and invasion threat to Britain, 80, 91; postpones invasion of Britain, 92; plans attack on Russia, 98–100, 113, 140–1; oratory and magnetism, 101; ambitions for African colonies, 112; Franco meets, 112; aims to seize Gibraltar, 113; and Mussolini’s attack on Greece, 115–17; abandons airborne operations after Crete, 123; meets Pétain, 125; invades Russia, 139, 144, 661; on German successes in Russia, 147–8, 153; plans for new empire, 153; conduct of war in Russia, 156, 159; and prospect of German defeat, 163, 165, 551; demands resistance to Russian offensive, 167; policy of starving Leningraders, 169–70; self-appointment as army C. in C., 175; injunction against yielding ground in Russia, 176; military interventions, 177; indifference to sufferings in Russia, 180; war aims, 182; US view of, 186; anticipates US involvement in war, 191; reluctance to acknowledge Japanese as allies, 193; view of USA, 195; declares war on USA, 196; fears US involvement in European war, 196; idolised by U-boat officers, 279; failure of campaign against British shipping, 284; demands capture of Sevastopol, 300; and renewed German successes in Russia, 301–3; orders advance on Caucasian oilfields, 305–6; diverts Fourth Panzer Army to Stalingrad, 306; and conduct of Stalingrad battle, 311; praises Manstein, 322; urges aggression on Afrika Korps, 366; sends Rommel reinforcements to Tunisia, 377, 379; agrees to withdrawal from Rzhev salient, 384; sends reinforcements to Russia, 387; and Battle of Kursk, 387; authorises withdrawal behind Dnieper, 393; rescues Mussolini after fall, 447; and German defence strategy in Italy, 454, 458; and German reprisals in Italy, 460–1; forces Yugoslavia to sign Tripartite Pact, 465; policy in Yugoslavia, 466; personal air raid shelters, 488; policy in conquered eastern lands, 503–4; anti-Jewish policy, 507, 512, 519–20, 674; refuses reinforcements to Eastern Front, 525; dismisses field marshals, 526; misjudges Russian offensive strategy, 527; accepts retreat in Italy, 530; and impending Allied invasion of Europe, 530; refuses to allow strategic wirhdrawal before
Bagration
, 546; and July bomb plot (1944), 551–2; orders counter-attack in Normandy, 554; orders strategic withdrawal from Normandy, 555; and Soviet winter 1944 offensive, 590; final confrontation with Russia, 608; and Soviet assault on Berlin, 623; suicide, 626; anticipates conflict between Soviet Union and West, 659; errors of judgement, 661;
see also
Germany