All Monsters Must Die (24 page)

—. “Gratis daghem och frivillig militärtjänst” [Free Daycare and Voluntary Military Service].
Dagens Nyheter,
October 4, 1971.

“How to Read a Closed Book: The Propaganda Signs of North Korea, from Google Earth.”
http://freekorea.us
/

Howard, Young. “The Hidden Gulag.”
San Diego Union Tribune,
June 15, 2005.

Isaksson, David. “Schack och religion i Kalmuckien” [Chess and Religion in Kalmykia].
Norrköpings Tidningar
, February 29, 2008.

Ito, Mizuko. “Hello Kitty Has No Mouth.”
Chanpon
.
http://www.chanpon.org/archive/2005/12/01/05h28m39s
.

Jaggi, Maya. “A Life in Writing: Mourid Barghouti.”
Guardian
, December 13, 2008.

Joyce, Andrew. “Antonio Inoki: Wrestling North Korea to Diplomacy?”
Wall Street Journal
,
“Japan Real Time,” October 12, 2010.

Jung, Sung-ki. “Western Mixed Race Men Can Join Military.”
Korean Times
, January 14, 2008.

Kim, Jong-il. “Socialism is a Science.”
http://www.uk-songun.com
.

Kim, Mi-young, and Jon Herskovitz. “North Korea Says Plutonium Extraction Has Started.” Reuters, April 25, 2009.

Kim, Myun-jong. “Film Guru Shin Sang-ok Tells of Kim Jong-il.”
Seoul Times
, 2005.

Kim, Suk-young. “‘Guests' of the Dear Leader: Shin Sang-ok, Choi Eun-hee, and North Korea's Cultural Crisis.”
Joint U.S.–Korea Academic Studies
(2008).

Kim, Yong-lun. “City of Revolution with no Warmth of Human.”
Daily
NK
, October 28, 2005.

Kim, Young-soon. Testimony before the United States Congress, House Committee on Foreign Affairs on Africa, Global Health and Human Rights, on September 20, 2011.
http://chrissmith.house.gov/uploadedfiles/testimony_of_kim_young_soon.pdf
.

Kims vänner
[Friends of Kim]. Documentary (2006), directed by Raphael Wilking and Hans van Dijk. Broadcast on
SVT
2, May 20, 2007.

Kristof, Nicholas. “North Korea's Secret.”
New York Times
, January 14, 2003.

Lamm, Lovisa. “Man badar inte naken i Pyongyang” [You Don't Swim Naked in Pyongyang]. Radio broadcast on Sveriges Radio P1, February 14, 2009.

Lankov, Andrej. “Pyongyang and Its People (Notes of a Soviet Student),” from
Severnaia Koreia: vchera i segodnia
. Vostochnaia literatura, 1995.

—. “Body Snatching, North Korean Style.”
Asia Times,
February 26, 2005.

Lans, Karl. “Kim Jong Il beslagtar japanska bilar” [Kim Jong Il Confiscates Japanese Cars].
Dagens Industri,
February 19, 2007.

Larsson, Mats. “Diktatorn firar med basket och terror” [Dictator Celebrates With Basketball and Terror].
Expressen
, July 1, 2014.

—. “Yngste sonen tar över – men ett familjedrama lurar i kulisserna” [Youngest Son Takes Over, but a Family Drama Is waiting in the Rafters].
Expressen,
October 29, 2010.

Lee, Jae-bong. “U.S. Deployment of Nuclear Weapons in 1950s South Korea and North Korea's Nuclear Development: Toward Denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula.”
The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus
,
http://www.japanfocus.org/-Lee-Jae_Bong/3053
.

Lönn, Jan. “Varför erkänns inte Nordkorea?” [Why Isn't North Korea Accepted?].
Arbetet,
March 10, 1971.

—. “Nordkorea: Jan Lönn om Villy Bergström” [North Korea: Jan Lönn on Villy Bergström].
Aftonbladet,
March 27, 1973.

Maass, Peter. “The Last Emperor.”
New York Times
, October 19, 2003.

Malkin, Bonnie. “North and South Korea Hold High-Level Meeting.”
Daily Telegraph
, February 12, 2014.

McGray, Douglas. “Japan's Gross National Cool.”
http://www.douglasmcgray.com/grossnationalcool.pdf
.

Meyer, Richard E. “Pueblo's Bittersweet Tribute.”
Los Angeles Times
, May 5, 1990.

Mihm, Stephen. “No Ordinary Counterfeit.”
New York Times,
July 23, 2006.

Myers, B. R. “North Korea: Nothing Has Changed.”
The Atlantic,
November 2008.

Namgung, Min. “$800000 Spent Preserving Kim Il Sung's Body.”
The Daily
NK
, April 16, 2008.

Neff, Robert. “Korean Tigers Back from the Brink of Extinction, Except in South Korea.”
The Marmot's Hole
, February 6, 2009.
http://www.rjkoehler.com/2009/02/06/korean
-tigers-back-from-the-brink-of- extinction-except-in-south-korea/

Ngai, Sianne. “The Cuteness of the Avant-Garde.”
Critical Inquiry
(2005).

“N. Korea's Kim Died in 2003; Replaced by a Lookalike Says Waseda Professor.”
Japan Today,
August 26, 2008.

Norimitsu, Onishi. “In a Country That Craved Respect, Stem Cell Scientist Rode a Wave of Korean Pride.”
New York Times,
February 22, 2006.

“North Korea is a Major Player in Animation Industry.” Spero News
,
February 12, 2007.
http://www.speroforum.com/site/article.asp?id=7876.

O'Carroll, Chad. “North Korea Executes ‘Traitor' Jang Song Thaek.”
nk.news.org
, December 12, 2013.
http://www.nknews.org/2013/12/north
-korea-executes-jang-song-thaek-for-factionalism/.

Parry, Robert, “Rev. Moon, the Bushes & Donald Rumsfeld.”
Consortium News,
January 3, 2001.
http://www.consortiumnews.com/2001/010301a.html
.

von Platen, Gustaf. “Olympiskt guld i konsten att jobba” [Olympic Gold in the Art of Working].
Svenska Dagbladet,
March 18, 1979.

—. “Det sydkoreanska undret: varken demokrati eller diktatur” [The South Korean Wonder: Neither Democracy nor Dictatorship].
Svenska Dagbladet
, April 8, 1979.

Prynne, Miranda. “U.S. Researchers Are Using the Internet to Reveal What Life Is Really Like Behind the Closed Borders of the World's Last Stalinist Dictatorship.”
Independent,
May 15, 2009.

—. “North Korea Uncovered: Palaces, Labour Camps and Mass Graves.”
Independent
, June 21, 2009.

http://www.pyongyang-metro.com

http://www.pyongyangtrafficgirls.com

“Report of the Detailed Findings of the Commission of the Inquiry on Human Rights in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea.” Human Rights Council, February 7, 2014.

Rhee, Jooyeon. “Arirang, and the Making of a National Narrative in South and North Korea.”
Journal of Japanese and Korean Cinema
1.1 (2009).

Rose, David. “North Korea's Dollar Store.”
Vanity Fair
, August 5, 2010.

http://ryugyong.org
[Site for the Ryugyong Hotel; users can create their own room in the still-unfinished building].

Salomon, Andrew. “Child Born in a Secret Labour Camp Tells of Torture and Beatings.”
The Times
, October 30, 2007.

Sawaragi, Noi. “Dangerously Cute: Noi Sawaragi and Fumio Nanjo Discuss Contemporary Japanese Culture.”
Flash Art
163 (March–April 1992).

Schönherr, Johannes. “Films for the Great Leader? Mysterious Film Deals by North Korean Diplomatic Mission in Berlin.”
Film International
16 (2005).

—. “Godzilla Goes to North Korea: An Interview with Kenpachiro Satsuma,” in
Film Out of Bounds: Essays and Interviews on Non-Mainstream Cinema Worldwide
, edited by Matthew Edwards. McFarland & Company, 2007.

Seo, Young-il. “The Epic from the North.”
SOP
(Student Operated Press), June 18, 2006.
http://thesop.org/story/entertainment/2006/07/28/the-epic-from-the-north.php
.

Shanker, Tom. “U.S. Run Practice Sortie in South Korea.”
New York Times
, March 28, 2013.

“Sighting of Strange Creature Reported in China's Highest Alpine Lake.”
Epoch Times
, August 7, 2013.
http://www.theepochtimes.com/n3/235155
-strange-creature-sighted-in-china/.

Sjögren, Alf. “Staffanstorpsbor Ã¥tervänder till Korea efter 58 Ã¥r” [Residents from Staffanstorp Return to Korea After 58 Years].
Sydsvenska Dagbladet
, September 3, 2008.

Swartz, Richard. “Diktatorn ser till att aldrig bli ansvarig” [The Dictator Makes Sure He'll Never Be Held Responsible].
Svenska Dagbladet,
November 28, 2006.

“Tianchi Lake Monster Video.”
http://www.cryptomundo.com/cryptozoo-news/tianchi6video/
.

Toor, Amar. “North Korea Has Committed Crimes against Humanity:
UN
Report.”
The Verge
, February 17, 2014.
http://www.theverge.com/2014/2/17/5418586/north
-korea-has-committed-crimes-against-humanity-un-report.

Tralau, John. “En skenbart motsägelsefull Leviathan” [A Seemingly Contradictory Leviathan].
Svenska Dagbladet
, May 10, 2004.

“Two Koreas' Top Brass Resort to Racist Mudslinging.”
Chosun Ilbo
, May 17, 2006.

Wagner, Wieland. “Hyundai's Holiday Gulag.”
Spiegel
Online
,
March 13, 2006.

Waldenström, Louise, “Juche: diktatur maskerad som extrem frihet” [Juche: A Dictatorship Masked with Extreme Freedom].
Svenska Dagbladet
, December 27, 2005.

Watts, Jonathan. “Welcome to the Strangest Show on Earth.”
Guardian,
October 10, 2005.

Williamson, Lucy. “North Korea Defies Warnings in Rocket Launch Success.”
BBC
News Asia, December 12, 2012.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world
-asia-20690338.

Wolodarski, Peter. “Bildning för en riksbankschef” [An Education for the Head of the Riksbank].
Dagens Nyheter,
December 24, 2005.

“Wrestler an Unlikely Icon for North Korea.”
Taipei Times
, July 21, 2003.

INDEX

Abshier, Larry, 157, 158

Air Koryo, 10–11, 28, 94–95

Albright, Madeleine, 87

Ali, Muhammad, 134

animation industry, 19–20

Anyang Studios, 175–76

“Arirang” (folk song), 98

Arirang
(silent film), 98–99

Arirang Festival (Mass Games), 98–102

Atlas Copco, 25, 169

atomic bomb.
See
nuclear bombing, by U.S.,
and entries following

Baekdu, Mount, 12, 71–77, 88, 100, 124, 234, 239; Kim Il-sung birthday tribute on, 72–73; Kim Jong-il's birthplace on, 73, 80, 88.
See also
Heaven Lake

Bavaria Film Studios (Munich), 146

Berdymuchamedov, Gurbanguly, 107

Bergman, Ingrid, 172

Bergman, Sten, 74;
In Korean Wilds and Villages
, 74–75

Bergqvist, Lars, 58

Bergström, Villy, 77–80; and
Pictures from North Korea
, 78

Beria, Lavrentiy, 82

blood purity, as important to South Korea, 65–66

blood ties in North Korea: and class system, 117; of Kim Jong-un, 234, 236; and punishment of family members, 42–43, 45, 46, 65, 242; of Rikidōzan, 133

Boeri, Stefano, 27

Burchett, Wilfred, 79–80

Bureau 39 (Workers' Party of Korea), 162–63

Bush, George H.W., 107

camps, work/prison, 39–47, 65, 96, 204, 223, 236; and knowledge of Kim Jong-nam, 41–43, 49; punishments/atrocities at, 46, 243; Shin's internment at, 51, 179, 185, 221, 227; survivors' accounts of, 41–46; U.S. mapping of, 40

Cao de Benós de Les y Pérez, Alejandro, 186–88

Catherine the Great, German television movie about, 91–92

Central Intelligence Agency (
CIA
), 8, 129, 158, 204

Charles V (Holy Roman Emperor), 104

“charismatic authority” (Weber), 144; of Moon, 96

Chatwin, Bruce:
What Am I Doing Here?
, 138

Cheonan
(South Korean battleship), 235

Cheonji.
See
Heaven Lake

Chilbo, Mount, 33, 94

China, 21, 32, 34, 40, 54, 65, 165, 179, 184, 222, 235; guest workers from, 130; in imperial era, 80, 105; Kim Il-sung's youth/guerrilla activities in, 80–81, 145; Mao's image in, 89, 138–39; North Korea's border/relationship with, 62, 64, 72, 83, 185, 223–24, 227; and reports of Heaven Lake monster, 76–77, 243; revolutionary attire of, 111, 124–25, 126, 128, 140; spread of “cute culture” to, 230

Choi Eun-hee (Madame Choi): authors' conversation with, 169–83; autobiography of, 50, 56, 229; childhood/youth of, 66; as director, 2, 176; early acting career of, 66, 171, 228; film school headed by, 2, 4, 5, 178, 179; first husband of, 171, 172; as hands-on actress/filmmaker, 172–73; kidnapping/imprisonment of, 1–8, 10, 48–51, 56, 90, 93–94, 120–21, 127, 178–80, 185–86, 209; and Kim Jong-il, 93–94, 147, 180, 182–83, 208–10; Korean War experiences of, 171; memoir co-written by, 126, 208–9; and post-imprisonment escape to U.S., 181, 220; and return to South Korea, 224–25; and Shin, 172–78, 227–30; and Shin's infidelity, 177, 183.
See also
kidnapping and imprisonment of Choi and Shin, by Kim Jong-il; Shin Films; Shin Sang-ok

Choi In-kyu:
Long Live Freedom
, 30

Chollima (winged horse), 153–54

Chollima Movement, 154

Chon In-gwang: “Snowstorm in Pyongyang,” 113

Chongjin, 27, 29, 30–31; decay of, 30; famine in, 31, 117–18

Chongryon (pro-Communist political faction in Japan), 44, 45

Chun Doo-hwan, 84–85

class system, 116–17; and famine, 116, 117–19; in film love stories, 170, 176–77

Communism: Korean adherents of, in Japan, 44; in North Korea, 63–64, 101, 121, 157, 185; South Korean repression/fear of, 3, 17–18, 190–91

Confessions of a College Student
(early Choi film), 228

Confucianism, 42, 60, 63, 117, 173, 184

Cornell, Erik, 205;
North Korea under Communism
, 20–21, 205–6

counterfeit money, 162, 163

“cute culture,” in Japan, 212–14; and fear, 219–21; as spreading to China, 230.
See also
Tenko, Hikita

Daejeon, massacre at, 17–18

Daily NK
(newspaper), 41, 143

Delisle, Guy, 25;
Pyongyang: A Journey in North Korea
(graphic novel), 19–20

Demick, Barbara:
Nothing to Envy
, 31, 117–18

demilitarized zone (
DMZ
), 79, 156, 165–67, 168–69, 186; meetings in, 168, 243; North Korean loudspeakers in, 85, 157, 160, 188; wildlife in, 165–66

De Sica, Vittorio:
The Bicycle Thief
, 175

Diamond Mountains.
See
Kumgangsan

dictators, 137–40, 143; charismatic authority of, 144; doppelgangers of, 86, 87–88, 107, 139; in historical context, 104–10; in modern era, 105–7; physical/political bodies of, 107–10, 139–40; and soft power, 214-15; symbolic representations of, 138–39

Diffrient, David Scott, 190

Disappeared
(
Jeungbal
), 225

Dresnok, James Joseph (Joe), 157–59; in
Unsung Heroes
, 158–59

dress codes, 126, 140

Dutch East India Company, 61

economy, 161–62; and criminal activity, 162–63, 234; famine's effect on, 118–19, 161; investors and, 26, 162; and Kaesong industrial zone, 160–61, 164, 242; of Kim clan/elite, 162–63

An Emissary of No Return
(
Doraoji annu milsa
), 122, 146

The Eunuch
(
Naeshi
), 174

Evergreen Tree
(
Sangnoksu
) 3, 93, 175–76

famine, 31, 64, 78, 165, 200; and changes to economy, 118–19, 161; and class system, 116, 117–19; Kim Il-sung mausoleum built during, 143–44

Fassbinder, Rainer Werner: “Imitation of Life,” 229

film festivals: Karlovy Vary, 146; Moscow, 181; Vienna, 182

Flair, Ric, 134

Flower in Hell
(
Jiokhwa
), 170, 174–75, 228

Ford, John, 198

Friends of Kim
(documentary), 186

Fujimoto, Kenji, 74

Fukazawa, Masao (“Little Man Machan”), 150–51

Galgameth
, 220–21, 230

Gang Ban-seok (mother of Kim Il-sung), 111

German Friendship Association, 38, 39–40, 47, 123

A Girl Raised as a Future Daughter-in-Law
(
Minmyeoneuri
), 176

Godzilla
, 191–96; actors of, 150–51, 195–96, 200, 221; fear as theme in, 219; and monster movie genre, 198, 220, 230; as nuclear age film, 191–93, 213; and
Pulgasari
, 191, 200, 219; Tsuburaya's work on, 193–95

Godzilla vs. Hedorah
, 196

Gorky, Maxim, 184

Goryeo dynasty, 62, 150

Grand Mass Gymnastics and Artistic Performance Arirang (Mass Games), 98–102

Grinker, Roy Richard, 57;
Korea and its Futures
, 59, 246

Gwangju (South Korea), uprising/massacre in, 84–85

hairstyles, 4, 5, 49, 124, 228; of Kim Jong-il, 6, 180, 226; North Korean codes for, 114–15, 123, 159, 198

Hamel, Hendrick, 61

hanbok
(traditional folk dress), 7–8, 128, 198, 228. See also
joseonot

Han River (South Korea), 63

Hassig, Ralph, and Oh Kongdan:
The Hidden People of North Korea
, 161, 246

Hauser, Arnold, 104–5

Heaven Lake (Cheonji), 72, 100; reported sea monster in, 76–77, 243

Hecker, Siegfried S., 238

Hello Kitty, 214, 231–32

Hirohito, 108

Hiroshima, U.S. bombing of, 60–61, 193, 212–13, 230

Hitler, Adolf, 106, 139, 144, 154

Hjort, Arne, 77; and
Pictures from North Korea
, 78

Hobbes, Thomas:
Leviathan
, 102–3

Home Guard, 25, 99, 124

homosexuality, 113, 131–32

Hong Kong: Choi and Shin kidnappings in, 1–9, 178, 209; film crew as taken from, 151–52

Hussein, Saddam, 134

Hwang Jang-yop, 64–65, 119, 238.
See also
Juche Thought

Hwang Woo-suk, 72

Hwasong concentration camp (Camp No. 16), 40–41, 47

Hwiparam (automobile), 15

Hyok Kang:
This is Paradise!
, 118

Hyundai, 160–61; “holiday gulag” of, 164

Ilyumzhinov, Kirsan, 106

Im Hwa, 145

“infiltration tunnels,” 169

Inoki, Antonio (“The Pelican”), 132–34, 236

Itakura, Mariko.
See
Tenko, Hikita

Japan, 22–23, 26, 34, 36, 61–62, 64, 65, 107, 123, 125, 152, 184, 210, 224, 226, 240; Korean political factions in, 44–45; nuclear bombing of, 60–61, 192–93, 212–13, 230; and only copy of
Arirang
, 98–99; Pearl Harbor attack by, 194–95; postwar constitution of, 212; Self-Defense Forces of, 214; surrender of, 108.
See also entries below

Japan, as occupier of Korea, 62, 63, 73, 94, 117, 149, 166; and Chongjin steelworks, 30; Korean resistance to, 30, 35, 44, 80–81, 101, 122; and postwar North Korean culture/film, 101, 154, 210; and postwar South Korean film, 174, 176, 185, 200; propaganda films by, 144–45.
See also
Japanese Army, Imperial

Japanese Army, Imperial, 74–75; airbase/roads built by, 29, 94; as crushed by Godzilla, 150; pre-war guerrilla activities against, 56–57, 80–81, 122, 145; sex slavery by, 66–67

Japanese culture: as “cute,” 212–14, 219–21, 230; and monster movie genre, 151, 198, 208, 220, 230;
Ultraman
, 1, 193. See also
Godzilla
; Inoki, Antonio; Tenko, Hikita

Japanese people: kidnappings of,
155–56; as
otaku
, 213

Jeju Island, 44, 61

Jenkins, Charles Robert, 156–59; in
Unsung Heroes
, 158–59

Joseon (Korea/North Korea), 5, 120, 200

Joseon dynasty, 61–62, 147, 148, 177

joseonot
(traditional folk dress), 8, 48, 126, 142, 203, 206. See also
hanbok

Juche Thought (North Korean ideology), 10, 50, 60–66; architect of, 64–65, 119, 238; corporeal nature of, 101–2; fabric/fibre of, 125–26, 128, 157, 223; as focus of arts, 90–91; and self-reliance, 60–61, 189, 210

Juche Tower, 60, 127

Kaesong, 12, 78, 119, 155, 159, 167, 196; agriculture in, 164–65; industrial zone of, 160–61, 164, 242

kaiju
films.
See
monster movie genre

Kalmykia (Russia), 106

Kang Chol-hwan:
The Aquariums of Pyongyang
, 43–46

Kang Je-gyu, 92;
Shiri
, 92–93, 225

Kantorowicz, Ernst:
The King's Two Bodies
, 108, 109, 236

KAPF
(Korea Artista Proletaria Federatio), 145–46, 181

kawaii
(cuteness).
See
“cute culture,” in Japan

kidnapping: of Choi, during Korean War, 171; of Japanese people, 155–56; by Kim Il-sung, 145; in South Korea, 225; UN condemnation of, 243–44.
See also entry below

kidnapping and imprisonment of Choi and Shin, by Kim Jong-il, 1–9, 10, 48–52, 56, 90, 93–94, 209; Choi's account of, 178–80; and forced letter-writing, 50–51, 52; and Kim's gifts of clothing/cosmetics, 127; and reunion/wedding orchestrated by Kim, 120–21, 179; and Shin's escape attempts, 51; and taped conversation with Kim, 147, 209–10; as way to build film industry/engage population, 147, 180, 185–86, 208–11, 213–15

Kijong-dong (village in
DMZ
), 188

Kilju: nuclear testing near, 34, 201, 234, 241

Kim, Ms. (tour guide), 13, 52, 94, 95, 116, 128–29, 132, 203–4, 222; background of, 130–31; as Russian speaker, 13, 53, 55, 68; singing by, 53, 131, 135–36, 167

Kim Chol, 242–43

Kim clan: and cult of personality, 97; personal economy of, 162–63; violent rule of, 243–44

Kim Dae-jung, 86–87, 217, 226

Kim Guh-wha, 4, 209

Kim Hong-wook, 8

Kim Hyon-hui, 92

Kim Il-sung, 5, 10, 70–86, 121, 126, 133, 157, 162, 201, 223; birthday tributes to, 72–73, 127, 240; birthplace of, 110–11; as both father- and mother-figure, 57, 58–59, 63; children of, 84; cult of, 77–78, 83–84, 88–89; death of, 14, 85–86, 110, 239; early life/guerrilla activities of, 56–57, 80–81, 145; and film, 89–90, 184–85; flower named after, 123–24; forced letter-writing to, 50–51, 52; and illegitimate grandson, 41–42; images/portraits of, 14, 15, 42, 58–59, 88–89, 143, 191, 197, 243; and Juche Thought, 60–61, 64; mausoleum of, 141–44; and Moon, 96–97; mother of, 111; name of, 81; neck tumour of, 57–58; “on-the-spot guidance” by, 83–84; opera by, 94; quotations from, 31, 88–89; radiance of, 50, 80, 90, 223; rise to power by, 81–82; statues of, 56–57, 123, 142, 148, 207, 239; and Vinalon, 126

Kimilsungia (orchid), 123–24

Kim Il-sung Socialist Youth League, 131, 191

Kim Il-sung Square, 16, 112, 116, 233, 241

Kim Il-sung University, 64, 78–80

Kim Jong-hun, 235

Kim Jong-il, 11, 22, 31, 125, 126, 133, 197, 224; birth of, 73, 80, 81, 88; birthday of, 76, 120, 181; books/writings by, 90–91, 101–2, 109–10; as both Son and Mother, 56, 60; as “Dear Leader,” 7, 111, 237, 240; as father's successor, 14, 84, 86–88, 110; film archive of, 91–93, 207; as film buff, 89–94, 98–99, 207–8; and film/culture as means of engaging population, 147, 180, 208–11, 213–15; and film industry, 20, 120–22, 147, 150–54, 179–80, 185–86; flower named after, 123–24; illegitimate son of, 41–42, 49, 226; illness/death of, 233, 239, 242–43; images of, 20, 101–3, 226, 242; and Juche Thought, 64–65, 90–91, 101–3; luxury goods consumption by, 34–35; as monster, 101–3, 201; and Moon, 15, 97; “on-the-spot guidance” by, 20, 68–69; physical/political body of, 107–10, 233; presumed doppelganger of, 87–88; and
Pulgasari
, 200–1, 225–26; and South Korea, 49, 86–87, 207; and Tenko, 215–19; as unseen/untouchable, 137, 139.
See also
kidnapping and imprisonment of Choi and Shin, by Kim Jong-il