All the Shah’s Men (31 page)

McGhee sees almost the end of the world: McGhee, op. cit., p. 403.

Mossadegh as man of the year:
Time
, January 7, 1952.

Chapter 9: Block Headed British

Shah will pack his suitcase: Katouzian, op. cit., p. 122.

Mossadegh argues and faints: Katouzian, op. cit., p. 123; and
Musaddiq, Mohammad (edited by Homa Katouzian), Musaddiq’s Memoirs: Dr. Mohammad Musaddiq, Champion of the Popular Movement of Iran and Former Prime Minister
(London: Jebhe, 1988), p. 340.

Mossadegh’s resignation letter: Zabih, Sepehr,
The Mossadegh Era: Roots of the Iranian Revolution
(Chicago: Lake View Press, 1982), p. 40.

Mossadegh statement on suspending election: Zabih, ibid., p. 38.

Churchill on Italians: FO 371/10465, quoted in Elm, op. cit., p. 268.

Mossadegh at World Court: Elm, ibid., pp. 208–214; and Heiss, op. cit., p. 129.

Voyage of
Rose Mary
: Heiss, ibid., p. 130.

Mossadegh leaves favorable impression: Elm, op. cit., p. 213.

Drop in oil revenue and Mossadegh reaction: Elm, ibid., pp. 271–272.

Zaehner on Qavam: Katouzian, op. cit., pp. 121–122.

Majlis members split between Mossadegh and Qavam: Zabih, op. cit., pp. 41–41.

Qavam statements as prime minister: Zabih, ibid., p. 44; and Katouzian, op. cit., p. 124.

Kashani denounces Qavam: Elm, op. cit., p. 242.

Tudeh protests against Qavam: Zabih, op. cit., p. 63.

Mossadegh presents Koran to Shah: Elm, op. cit., p. 247.

Mossadegh tells Shah he could go down in history: Zabih, op. cit., p. 66.

Middleton cables: Louis article in Gasiorowski and Byrne, op. cit.

New York Times
on Zahedi: August 20, 1953.

MacLean on Zahedi’s arrest: MacLean, Fitzroy,
Eastern Approaches
(London: Penguin, 1991), pp. 266–274.

Churchill has no regard for timid diplomatists: Woodhouse, op. cit., p. 125.

Churchill concerned about Jones trip, and exchange with Truman: Elm, op. cit., pp. 250–252; and Goode, op. cit., p. 87.

Acheson says British want rule or ruin: Elm, op. cit., p. 257.

Truman says nationalization has become as sacred as the Koran: Heiss, op. cit.,p. 140.

Joint letter to Mossadegh: Elm, op. cit., pp. 250–252.

Mossadegh says Britain has plundered poor nations: Elm, ibid., p. 253.

Churchill urges Truman not to go further: Elm, ibid., p. 254.

Eden on Persian language: Eden, Anthony,
Full Circle: The Memoirs of Sir Anthony Eden
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1960), p. 211.

Acheson on Eden’s view of Iranians: Chase, op. cit., p. 353.

Truman letter to Grady: Henry Grady Papers, Box 2, 1952, at Harry Truman Library.

Roosevelt didn’t talk spook:
New York Times
, June 11, 2000.

Roosevelt is coolness personified:
The Independent
(London), June 15, 2000.

Roosevelt thinks Republicans might be different: Roosevelt, op. cit., p. 107.

Chapter 10: Pull Up Your Socks and Get Going

Rashidians receive €10,000 monthly: Dorril, op. cit., p. 564; and Woodhouse, op. cit., p. 118.

Recipients of foreign bribes: Service History, op. cit., p. 7.

Description of Rashidian brothers: Bill, op. cit., p. 91.

Woodhouse on Anglo-Iranian directors: Dorril, op. cit., p. 580.

Woodhouse on his Washington presentation: Woodhouse, op. cit, pp. 117–118.

Background of
John Foster Dulles: Preussen, Ronald W., John Foster Dulles: The Road to Power
(New York: Free Press, 1982).

Background of Allen Dulles: Grose, Peter,
Gentleman Spy: The Life of Allen Dulles
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1994).

Allen Dulles urges CIA to launch worldwide covert action program: Grose, ibid., p. 292.

Smith tells Roosevelt to get going: Roosevelt, op. cit., pp. 115–116.

Henderson says Mossadegh lacks stability: Goode, op. cit., p. 82.

Henderson on National Front: Ambrose, op. cit., p. 109.

Joint cable from Henderson and Middleton: Brands, op. cit., p. 272.

Henderson in touch with Zahedi: Brands, ibid., pp. 272–279.

United States can no longer approve of Mossadegh government: Service History, op. cit., p. 2.

Eisenhower complains about British efforts: Elm, op. cit., p. 277.

Sinclair visits Washington: Louis article in Gasiorowski and Byrne, ibid.

Shah in hysterical state:
Foreign Relations of the United States 1952–1954, Vol. X
, op. cit., pp. 681–683.

Shaban crashes through gate: Kennett Love article in Allen Dulles papers, op. cit.; and
New York Times
, August 23, 1953.

Mob organized by Kashani: FO 371/10562, quoted in Elm, op. cit., p. 295.

Allen Dulles warns of communist takeover:
Foreign Relations of the United States 1952–1954, Vol. X
, op. cit., p. 689.

March 4 meeting of National Security Council:
Foreign Relations of the United States 1952–1954, Vol. X
, op. cit., p. 693.

Eisenhower considers Mossadegh only hope for West and wants to give him $10 million: FO 371/104614, quoted in Elm, op. cit., pp. 282–283.

Dulles and Eden issue communiqué: Elm, op. cit., pp. 277–283.

Pardon for Tahmasibi: Azimi, Fakhreddin, Iran: The Crisis of Democracy 1941–53 (London: I. B. Tauris, 1989), p. 298.

Zaehner report on splitting National Front: Abrahamian article in
Science & Society
, op. cit.

Eisenhower has real doubts:
Foreign Relations of the United States 1952–1954, Vol. X
, op. cit., p. 713.

Wisner says CIA ready to discuss plot: Louis article in Gasiorowski and Byrne, op. cit.

Allen Dulles approves $1 million: Service History, op. cit., p. 3.

Afshartus kidnapping: Louis article in Gasiorowski and Byrne, op. cit., note 170; and Dorril, op. cit., p. 585.

Eisenhower letter to Mossadegh:
New York Times
, July 10, 1953.

Eisenhower and Churchill approve plot: Service History, op. cit., p. vi; Prados, John,
Presidents’ Secret Wars: CIA and Pentagon Covert Operations Since World War II
(New York: William Morrow, 1986), p. 95; Dorril, op. cit., p. 587; Woodhouse, op. cit., p. 125; and Louis article in Gasiorowski and Byrne, op. cit.

Wilber and Darbyshire begin work in Cyprus: Service History, op. cit., pp. 5–6.

Initial plan for coup: Service History, pp. B1–B10 and 16–18; and Gasiorowski article in Gasiorowski and Byrne, op. cit.

Dulles on getting rid of this madman: Roosevelt, op. cit., p. 8.

Dulles polls advisers and then decides to get going: Roosevelt, ibid., p. 18; Elm, op. cit., p. 299; and Bill and Louis, op. cit., p. 283.

Bohlen opposes coup: FO371/98603.

Goiran opposes coup: Dorril, op. cit., p. 584.

Bedamn budget compared to worldwide covert action budget: Gasiorowski article in Gasiorowski and Byrne, op. cit.

John Foster Dulles asks Allen Dulles if plot is still on:
Foreign Relations of the United States 1952–1954, Vol. X
, op. cit., p. 737.

John Foster Dulles makes public statement:
Foreign Relations of the United States 1952–1954, Vol. X
, op. cit., p. 338.

Wilber on anti-government propaganda: Wilber, Donald N.,
Adventures in the Middle East: Excursions and Incursions
(Princeton, N.J.: Darwin, 1986), pp. 188–189.

Chapter 11: I Knew It! They Love Me!

For sources of information about the events of mid-August 1953 in Tehran, see notes for Chapter 1.

Roosevelt meets Zahedi: Roosevelt, op. cit., pp. 166–167; and Service History, p. 45.

Smith on snuggling up to Mossadegh:
Foreign Relations of the United States 1952–1954, Vol. X
, op. cit., p. 748.

Ardeshir Zahedi receives journalists: Kennett Love article, op. cit.; and Dorril, op. cit., p. 592.

Love on copying machine:
Anatomy of a Coup
(video), op. cit.

Roosevelt had sent Rashidians to Washington: Roosevelt, op. cit., p. 80.

Jalili and Keyvani vitally important: Service History, op. cit., p. 7.

Fatemi on royal robbery:
London Times
, August 17, 1953.

McClure mission: Elm, op. cit., p. 306; and Service History, op. cit., p. 46.

Jalili and Keyvani prefer money to execution: Dorril, op. cit., p. 595; and Gasiorowski article in Gasiorowski and Byrne, op. cit.

Roosevelt sees slight chance of success: Service History, op. cit., p. 51.

Roosevelt prepares escape plan: Gasiorowski article in
International Journal
, op. cit.

Love on military-looking car: Mossadegh (video), op. cit.

Roosevelt on anti-Shah protesters: Roosevelt, op. cit., p. 180.

Roosevelt admits small complications, gives Henderson assignment: Roosevelt, ibid., pp. 183–184.

Roosevelt describes Mossadegh as old bugger: Roosevelt, op. cit., p. 163.

Monday was active and trying time: Service History, op. cit., p. 56.

Riots scare Roosevelt: Roosevelt, op. cit., p. 179.

Henderson meets Mossadegh: Roosevelt, op. cit., p. 185; and
Foreign Relations of the United States 1952–1954, Vol. X
, op. cit., p. 750.

Mossadegh’s fatal mistake: Time, August 31, 1953.

Daftary leads troops to royalist side: Dorril, op. cit., p. 593; and Katouzian, op. cit., p. 191.

New York Times
on policemen swinging into action: August 19, 1953.

Shah arrives in Rome:
London Times
, August 19, 1953.

Shah doesn’t expect to return home in immediate future:
New York Times
, August 19, 1953.

Shah likely to join colony of exiled monarchs:
London Daily Telegraph
, August 19, 1953.

Waller on crowds in Iran:
Anatomy of a Coup
(video), op. cit.

Ten thousand dollars sent to Kashani: Dorril, op. cit., p. 593; and Gasiorowski article in
International Journal
, op. cit.

Zirkaneh giants: Ambrose, Ike’s Spies, op. cit., p. 210.

Mossadegh refuses to arm Tudeh: Author’s interview with former Tehran mayor, Nosratollah Amini, June 23, 2002; and Lapping, op. cit., p. 215.

Tribal chiefs paid by Roosevelt’s agents: Gasiorowski article in Gasiorowski and Byrne, op. cit.

New York Times
on bully-boys: August 23, 1953.

Cottam on mob:
Mossadegh
(video), op. cit.

Smith exchanges cables with Roosevelt: Roosevelt, op. cit., p. 190.

Roosevelt hears radio broadcast: Roosevelt, ibid., pp. 187–191.

Roosevelt fetches Zahedi: Roosevelt, op. cit., pp. 193–194.

Roosevelt toasts impending victory: Roosevelt, ibid., p. 194.

Radio plays “Star-Spangled Banner”: Interview with Malcolm Byrne in
Anatomy of a Coup
(video), op. cit.

Shah and Empress react to news of coup:
London Times
, August 20, 1953.

Shah regrets not playing important part:
New York Times
, August 19, 1953.

Mossadegh says he prefers to die: Saheb interview in
Mossadegh
(video), op. cit.

Kissing party: Elm, op. cit., pp. 307–308; and Katouzian, op. cit., p. 192.

Roosevelt and comrades full of jubilation: Roosevelt, op. cit., p. 195.

Meeting of Roosevelt, Henderson, and Ardeshir Zahedi: Roosevelt, ibid., pp. 195–196.

Roosevelt speaks at victory party: Roosevelt, ibid., pp. 195–197.

Some victims had banknotes in their pockets: Elm, op. cit., p. 308.

Three hundred killed:
New York Times
, August 20, 1953; and Time, August 31, 1953.

New York Times
on sudden reversal: August 23, 1953.

Associated Press on Zahedi’s coup:
Chicago Tribune
, August 20, 1953.

A day that should never have ended: Secret History, op. cit., p. 77.

Zahedi sends Batmanqelich to pick up Mossadegh: Diba, op. cit., p. 186.

Mossadegh arrives and greets Zahedi:
Chicago Tribune
, August 21, 1953.

Zahedi orders that Mossadegh be addressed respectfully:
Chicago Tribune
, August 21, 1953.

British airliner unsuitable:
London Times
, August 21, 1953.

Dutch airline charter:
New York Times
, August 23, 1953.

Shah on Mossadegh’s crimes:
New York Times
, August 23, 1953.

Shah’s airport reception:
New York Times
, August 23, 1953.

Shah’s radio speech:
London Times
, August 24, 1953.

Zahedi will send Mossadegh to city jail: London
Times
, August 24, 1953.

Zahedi’s government receives millions from CIA: Service History, op. cit., p. xiii.

Zahedi receives $1 million for himself: Gasiorowski,
US Foreign Policy and the Shah
, op. cit., p. 90.

Roosevelt’s final meeting with Shah: Roosevelt, pp. 199–202.

Roosevelt leaves with tears in his eyes: Roosevelt, ibid., p. 203.

Chapter 12: Purring Like a Giant Cat

Mossadegh on his only crime: Musaddiq, op. cit., p. 74.

Riot outside Mossadegh’s home: Author’s interview with Mahmoud Mossadegh, August 19, 2002.

Officers arrested and executed: Diba, op. cit., p. 191.

Tudeh activists executed: Abrahamian, Ervand,
Iran between Two Revolutions
(Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1982), p. 280.

Fatemi on traitor Shah, and snake who bites: Goode, op. cit., p. 123.

1962 rally: Diba, op. cit., p. 193.

Mossadegh wants God to take him: Musaddiq, op. cit., p. 80.

Consortium agreement: Elm, op. cit, pp. 310–331; Heiss, op. cit., pp. 187–220; and Goode, op. cit., pp. 138–153.

Shah on Mossadegh’s xenophobia: Pahlavi, Mohammad Reza,
Mission for My Country
(New York, McGraw-Hill, 1960), pp. 302, 127.

Shah on Mossadegh’s nationalism: Pahlavi, Mohammad Reza, Answer to History (New York: Stein and Day, 1980), p. 84.