All the Things We Never Knew (42 page)

Two controlled clinical trials

Ma, S. Helen, and John Teasdale. “Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Depression: Exploration of Differential Relapse Prevention Effects.”
Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
72, no. 1 (2004): pp. 31–40.

Teasdale, John D., et al. “Prevention of Relapse/Recurrence in Major Depression by Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy.”
Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
68, no. 4 (August 2000): pp. 615–623.

Frank, E., et al. “Three-Year Outcomes for Maintenance Therapies in Recurrent Depression.”
Archives of General Psychiatry
47, no. 12 (December 1990): pp. 1093–1099.

Frank, E., et al. “Efficacy of Interpersonal Therapy as a Maintenance Treatment of Recurrent Depression.”
Archives of General Psychiatry
48, no. 12 (December 1991): pp. 1053–1059.

SUICIDE AND PSYCHOTROPIC DRUGS

In a study of thirty-eight bipolar patients treated with an antidepressant . . . Researchers find that “there are significant risks”

El-Mallakh, R. S., and A. Karippot. “Use of Antidepressants to Treat Depression in Bipolar Disorder.”
Psychiatric Services
53, no. 2 (May 2002): 580–584.

Use of antidepressants may “destabilize the illness . . .”

Koukopoulos, A., et al. “Duration and Stability of the Rapid-Cycling Course.”
Journal of Affective Disorders
73, nos. 1–2 (January 2003): 75–85.

Forty percent of patients

El-Mallakh, R. S., and A. Karippot. “Antidepressant-Associated Chronic Irritable Dysphoria (ACID) in Bipolar Disorder,”
Journal of Affective Disorders
84, nos. 2–3 (February 2005): 267–272.

Antidepressants can induce a “chronic, dysphoric, irritable state”

Schneck, C., et al. “The Prospective Course of Rapid-Cycling Bipolar Disorder.”
American Journal of Psychiatry
165, no. 3 (March 2008): 370–377.

INVOLUNTARY HOSPITALIZATION

When a loved one needs immediate psychiatric intervention or help

Amador, Xavier.
I Am Not Sick, I Don't Need Help!
Peconic, NY: Vida Press, 2001, p. 56.

NEW BREAKTHROUGHS IN THE UNDERSTANDING OF PSYCHOSIS

Keller, William R., et al. “A Review of Anti-Inflammatory Agents for Symptoms of Schizophrenia.”
Journal of Psychopharmacology
27, no. 4 (2013): pp. 337–342.

Ibid., pp. 2–5.

Dr. Tyrone Cannon says markers of proinflammatory cytokines

“Development of Psychosis: Gray Matter Loss and the Inflamed Brain.”
Science Daily
, January 13, 2015,
www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/01/150113090458.htm
, citing Cannon, Tyrone D., et al. “Progressive Reduction in Cortical Thickness as Psychosis Develops: A Multisite Longitudinal Neuroimaging Study of Youth at Elevated Clinical Risk.”
Biological Psychiatry
77, no. 2 (January 2015), pp. 147–157.

Dantzer, R., and K. W. Kelley. “Twenty Years of Research on Cytokine-Induced Sickness Behavior.”
Brain, Behavior and Immunity
21, no. 2 (February 2007): pp. 153–160.

Dantzer, R., and K. W. Kelley. “Stress and Immunity: An Integrated View of Relationships Between the Brain and the Immune System
. Life Sciences
44, no. 26 (1989): pp. 1995–2008.

Dantzer, R. “Cytokine-Induced Sickness Behavior: Where Do We Stand?”
Brain, Behavior, and Immunity
15, no. 1 (March 2001): pp. 7–24.

The research suggests that activation of microglia . . . is involved in tissue loss.

Hart, B. L. “Biological Basis of the Behavior of Sick Animals.”
Neuroscience Biobehavior Review
12, no. 2 (Summer 1988): pp. 123–127.

The authors of a 2010 review of the literature

Smieskova, R., et al. “Neuroimaging Predictors of Transition to Psychosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.”
Neuroscience Biobehavior Review
34, no. 8 (July 2010): pp. 2–12.

Benros, Michael E., William W. Eaton, and Preben B. Mortensen. “The Epidemiologic Evidence Linking Autoimmune Diseases and Psychosis.”
Biological Psychiatry
75, no. 4 (February 2014): pp. 300–306.

A study reported in March 2015

Dantzer, R. “Cytokine-Induced Sickness Behavior: Where Do We Stand?” Brain, Behavior, and Immununity 15, no. 1 (March 2001): pp. 7–24.

Scientists hope to develop anti-inflammatory drugs

“Anti-Inflammatory Treatment of Schizophrenia.” Clinical Trials: A Service of the U.S. National Institutes of Health.
www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01514682
.

Nitta, Masahiro, et al. “Adjunctive Use of Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs for Schizophrenia: A Meta-Analytic Investigation of Randomized Controlled Trials.”
Schizophrenia Bulletin
(2013): sbt070.

CHAPTER SEVENTEEN

Suicide is the third leading cause

Author interview with Ross Szabo, Director of Youth Outreach for the National Mental

Health Awareness Campaign.

Kay Redfield Jamison,
An Unquiet Mind
, Random House (2005) p. 66–68.

One study, reported in
The
New York Times

Cooper, Brian. “Nature, Nurture and Mental Disorder: Old Concepts in the New Millennium.”
British Journal of Psychiatry
178, no. 40 (April 2001): s91–s101. DOI:10.1192/bjp.178.40.s91.

Suicide in the young tripled from 1970 to 2015

Citation TK.

The 1995 National College Health Risk Behavior Survey

Douglas, Kathy A., et al. “Results from the 1995 National College Health Risk Behavior Study.”
Journal of American College Health
46, no. 2 (September 1997): pp. 55–67.

EARLY INTERVENTION AND PREVENTION

Chris Bouneff, Executive Director, NAMI Oregon

Robert Wood Johnson Foundation.
“EDIPPP Intervention Reduces Conversion to Full-Blown Psychosis Among At-Risk Young People, Says RWJF-Funded Study.” July 28, 2014.
www.rwjf.org/en/about-rwjf/newsroom/newsroom-content/2014/07/edippp-intervention-reduces-conversion-to-full-blown-psychosis-a.html
. Accessed March 17, 2015.

“MAGIC BULLETS”: PSYCHIATRIC DRUGS

850 adults and 250 children every day

Whitaker, Robert.
Anatomy of an Epidemic: Magic Bullets, Psychiatry Drugs, and the Astonishing Rise of Mental Illness in America.
New York: Crown, 2010, p. 1.

Carlat writes

Carlat, Daniel.
Unhinged: The Trouble with Psychiatry—A Doctor's Revelations About a Profession in Crisis
. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2010, pp. 10–12.

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition
(DSM-5). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association, 2013.

Wilson, M. “DSM-III and the Transformation of American Psychiatry.”
American Journal of Psychiatry
150, no. 3 (March 1993): 399-410.

Kapur, S., A. G. Phillips, and T. R. Insel TR. “Why Has It Taken So Long for Biological Psychiatry to Develop Clinical Tests and What to Do About It?”
Molecular Psychiatry
17, no. 12 (December 2012): pp. 1174-1179.