Authors: Daniel Rasmussen
Gulf of Mexico
map,
5
and Mississippi River, 47
Gustave (slave), 108, 109
Haiti, 39–49
as French colony, 39–40, 44
republic of, 45–46, 47
slave revolt in, 37, 42–45, 48, 49, 89, 90, 101, 102, 110, 117, 150, 206
yellow fever in, 45
Hambleton, Samuel, 148
Hampton, Wade
at Fortier plantation, 129, 130
and New Orleans defense, 118, 119–21, 143–44
and West Florida, 117
Harry (slave), 127, 154, 230n87, 240n15
Havana, slave trade in, 30
Hector (slave), 158
Henderson (Kenner and Henderson plantation), 87, 127
Henderson, Stephen, 32
Hidden History Tours, 201
Hitler, Adolf, 208
Hotard family, 136
Hugo, Victor, 74
Igbo people, 25
Indian Removal (1830), 184–85
Jackson, Andrew
Native Americans eliminated by, 184–85, 186
at Prospect Bluff, 182–83, 186
and War of 1812, 180–81, 182
Jacob (slave), 122, 187
Jacobinism, 89
Jamaica, slave trade in, 229n80
January 8, 1811
at Andry mansion, 99–101, 135–36
at Bernoudy plantation, 108, 130, 137
at Brown plantation, 105–6, 108
at Destrehan plantation, 110–11
January 8, 1811 (
cont
.)
final preparations for attack, 97–99
initial attacks, 99–103
at Labranche plantation, 104–5, 108
march toward New Orleans, 110–11
at Pain plantation, 108
at Rilleaux plantation, 108
slave involvement in revolt, 107, 110, 128
slaves choosing not to fight, 104, 107–8, 125
at Trépagnier estate, 107–9, 110, 126
at Trouard plantation, 103
January 9, 1811
Claiborne’s response, 117–19, 121
at Fortier plantation, 128–31
Hampton’s troops, 119–20, 121, 129–30, 143–44
at Kenner and Henderson plantation, 127
maroons joining the insurrection, 125
at Meuillion plantation, 126–27
New Orleans defense, 119–21
New Orleans in chaos, 115–16, 117
New Orleans lockdown, 117–19
planters’ defense, 121–22, 128, 129–30, 143
refugees fleeing into the city, 116–17
slave march toward New Orleans, 123–31, 137
January 10, 1811
Andry’s actions, 135–37
battle of planters vs. slave army, 135–42
federal reinforcements called in, 142–44
maintaining order, 144
at Perret plantation, 135–36
slaves captured, 140, 142
slaves fleeing into swamps, 140–42
January 12–21, 1811
Claiborne’s response, 159–63
heads on display, 147–51
newspaper reports, 161
order restored through death, 157–59
Orleans Territory court system, 160–61
slaves on trial, 151–59, 160
January 29, 1811
Claiborne’s speeches, 167–71
martial law declared, 170–73
planters paid for slaves killed, 174–76
slave liberties curtailed, 174
slave trade restrictions, 175–76
Jasmin (slave), 125
Jean (slave), 158, 240n15
Jefferson, Thomas, 47, 61, 64
and French culture in Louisiana, 54, 55
and Louisiana Purchase, 51–52
on white agrarian settlements, 184, 185–86
Jerry (blacksmith), 127
Jerry (slave), 158
Jessamine (slave), 158
Jewish activism, 208
John (slave), 158
Johnson, Isaac, 66
Johnson, Octave, 194–95
José I, king of Kongo, 23
Joseph (coachman, Kenner and Henderson plantation), 127
Joseph (slave, Trépagnier estate), 156
Joseph the Spaniard, 34
Kendall, John, “Shadow over the City,” 207, 208
Kenner, Harry, 87, 127, 154
Kenner, William, 32
Kenner and Henderson plantation, 87, 127
King, Martin Luther Jr., 214–15, 216
King’s Ball, New Orleans, 13
Kingston, slave trade in, 30
Kongo
civil wars in, 23, 90
insurrectionary traditions of, 88, 90
military ruse in, 130
slaves from, 20
Kook
Asante heritage of, 106–7
birth of, 22
capture of, 140, 151
and Deslondes, 83, 86
execution of, 157, 187
fomenting unrest, 21–25, 33–34, 35–37, 86–87, 91, 181, 240n15
forced migration of, 23, 24
and master’s departure, 106
purchase of, 32–33
and slave army, 110, 126, 216
Trépagnier murdered by, 109
trial of, 151–57
Ku Klux Klan (KKK), 212–13
Kwaku.
See
Kook
Kwaku Anansi (trickster), 22
Kwamina.
See
Quamana
Labranche, Alexandre, 104–5, 108
crossing the river, 125
staying to fight, 121
Labranche, Hermogène, 105
Laclaverie, Mr., house burned, 128, 154
Lafayette, Marquis de, 52
Lafitte, Jean, 181
L’Ami des Lois
, 11
Latrobe, Benjamin, 77
LeClerc, Charles Victor Emmanuel, 44, 45
Lincoln, Abraham, 192, 193–94, 195–96, 197
Lindor (coachman), 127
Lindor, Gros, 125, 155
Lindor, Petit, 125
Livingston, Robert, 51–52
Louis (slave), 155
Louisiana
attempted Americanization of, 54–56, 159, 167
brutal slave conditions in, 48–49
Claiborne as governor of, 52–53, 55–56, 59, 60, 162
constitution of, 177
court system of, 160–61
and Deep South economy, 178–79
environment of, 77
foreign culture of, 52, 54, 55–59
French Creoles in, 55, 56
French sale of, 51–52
German Coast of, 10–11
history of, 205–6
martial law in, 170–73
and Mississippi River, 46, 47
oral history in, 203
secession of, 188
slave trade in, 175–76
slave trials in, 151–57
statehood of, 162, 177–79, 185
state militia in, 171–72
sugar production in, 47–48, 52
territory of, 51–52
Louisiana (cont.)
and U.S. Navy, 188–90
and War of 1812, 180–82
white supremacy in, 169, 204, 205, 206–7
Louisiana
Courier
, 161
Louisiana
Gazette
, 171, 175
Louisiana Purchase, 51–52, 63
Madison, James, 56, 58, 172
and expansionism, 63, 186
and War of 1812, 180, 181
Major (hostler), 127
Malcolm X, 214
Malo, Juan, 88–89
maroon colonies
formation of, 88
influence of, 90
joining the revolt, 125
Martin, François-Xavier, 119n233
Marxist ideology, 202–3
Mathurin (slave), 103, 154
McDonogh, John, 71
Meuillion plantation, 87, 126–27
Mexico
and Adams-Onis Treaty, 184
and Texas, 185
U.S. war with, 185, 186
Milton, Major, 143
Mingo (slave), 124
Mississippi River, 9–10, 46–47, 63
as channel of commerce, 10, 47
levees of, 72
New Orleans control of, 46
today, 199
U.S. Navy in Civil War on, 188–90
Monroe, James, 52, 183–84, 186
Monroe, North Carolina, segregation in, 211–15
Moore, Larry, 65
Mooreland plantation, 193
mosquitoes, 77
NAACP, in Monroe, North Carolina, 211–14
Natchez Indians, 237n141
National Intelligencer
, 161
National Rifle Association, 212
Native Americans
heads on poles, 239n149
Indian Removal (1830), 184–85
settlement in Florida, 62, 183
slavery among, 237n141
Trail of Tears, 186
U.S. elimination of, 183, 184–85, 186
and War of 1812, 179, 181
Nazi Germany, 208
Nede (slave), 156
New Orleans
Afro-American History Society of, 201–2
armed resistance in, 88
Battle of, in War of 1812, 179–82
Calaboose in, 157
decapitated heads on display in, 148–49, 150
diverse population of, 53, 55–57, 59, 88
federal troops permanently stationed in, 172–73, 180
history written in, 207
on January 9, 115–21
King’s Ball in, 13
map,
95
market in, 19–20
martial law in, 170–73
Mississippi River controlled by, 46
Place d’Armes in, 20
refugees fleeing to, 116–17
restoring order in, 144, 150–51, 157
slave communication networks in, 87–88
slave revolt (1795) in, 150
slave trade in, 23, 31–33, 49, 179, 186
slave trials in, 157–59
socializing in, 35, 57
stabilization of, 174–76
sugar planting in, 15
and U.S. Navy, 188–90
vulnerability of, 119–20, 207
waterfront of, 31
New York, slave revolt in, 36
New York Times
, 208
Nigeria, slaves from, 25
Nontoun (slave), 127
Northup, Solomon, 73, 77, 140, 141–42, 177
Orleans Gazette for the Country
, 53
Orleans Territory, 63, 90, 160, 162
Oyo empire, Dahomey, 22
Pain, Pierre, 108
Paquette, Robert, 209
Perret, Charles, 135–36, 137, 140, 141, 144
Perry (slave), 124
Peter (slave), 127
Phillips, Ulrich B.,
American Negro Slavery
, 206–7, 208, 209
Phillips, Wendell, 84
Pierre (slave), 104, 231-32n104, 240n15
planters.
See
sugar planters
Pointe Coupée, slave conspiracy at, 89
Polk, James K.
and expansionism, 186
and war with Mexico, 185
Prospect Bluff, Florida, 182–83, 186
Quamana
Asante heritage of, 106–7
birth of, 22
capture of, 140, 151
and Deslondes, 83, 86
execution of, 157, 187
fomenting unrest, 21-25, 33-34, 35-37, 86-87, 91, 181, 240n15
forced migration of, 23, 24
and master’s departure, 106
purchase of, 32–33
and slave army, 110, 126, 216
trial of, 151–57
Reconstruction, 205