Read An Introduction to Islamic Law Online
Authors: Wael B. Hallaq
Tags: #Law, #General, #Jurisprudence, #History, #Middle East, #Religion, #Islam, #International, #Political Science, #Social Science, #Sociology
1874 | The promulgation, in the Ottoman Empire, of the Law of the Shari a Judiciary. |
1874–75 | The promulgation in Egypt of the Civil Code, the Penal Code, the Commercial Code, the Code of Maritime Commerce, the Code of Civil and Commercial Procedure, and the Code of Criminal Procedure (all of which greatly influenced by French law). |
1875 | The promulgation of the Indian Law Reports Act. |
1875 | The establishment of the Mixed Courts in Egypt. |
1876 | The establishment in Istanbul of the first modern law school. |
1880 | Code of Civil Procedure enacted in the Ottoman Empire. |
1880–1937 | Shari a in Indonesia is restricted by the Dutch to family law, with the exception of waqf in Sumatra. |
1881 | Code de l’indigénat enacted in French Algeria, and applied until 1927. |
1906 | Iran adopts a new constitution. |
1916 | Code Morand promulgated in French Algeria. |
1917 | Ottoman Law of Family Rights enacted. |
1923 | Turkey declares itself a republic. |
1924 | Atatürk abolishes the caliphate. |
1925–42 | Rule of Reza Shah Pahlavi in Iran and the beginning of a major wave of legal reforms. |
1926 | Last purge of the Shari a in Kemalist Turkey. |
1927 | The Code of Civil Procedure and the Code of Judicial Organization promulgated in Iran. |
1928 | The birth of the Muslim Brothers’ movement in Egypt. |
1929 | Indian Child Marriage Restraint Act promulgated. |
1931 | The Act of Marriage promulgated in Iran. |
1935 | A new civil code in Iran. |
1937 | The Dutch enact new laws to regulate waqf s in Indonesia. |
1945 | Adoption of a constitution in Indonesia. |
1947 | Pakistan declares its independence. |
1949 | Mixed Courts abolished in Egypt. |
1949 | Adoption of the Objectives Resolution in Pakistan. |
1949 | A new civil code in Syria. |
1949 | Death of Hasan al-Banna, the founder of the Muslim Brothers in Egypt. |
1950– | The Muslim Brothers spread their influence to Jordan, Syria, Sudan, Iran, Malaysia and elsewhere in the Muslim world. |
1951 | A new civil code in Iraq. |
1951 | Law of Family Rights enacted in Jordan. |
1952 | Law No. 180 (abolishing family waqf s) enacted in Egypt. |
1955 | Law No. 462 enacted, abolishing Shari a courts in Egypt. |
1956 | The Code of Personal Status promulgated in Tunisia. |
1956 | The promulgation of the Constitution in Pakistan. |
1958–69 | The presidency of Muhammad Ayyub Khan in Pakistan. |
1959 | The Code of Personal Status promulgated in Iraq. |
1961 | Muslim Family Laws Ordinance promulgated in Pakistan. |
1963–93 | Azhar University expands dramatically. |
1964 | Adoption of a new constitution in Algeria. |
1966 | Sayyid Qutb, ideologue of the Muslim Brothers, executed by the Nasser regime. |
1967 | Family Protection Act promulgated in Iran. |
1969 | The Supreme Court in Egypt renamed the Supreme Constitutional Court. |
1973 | The adoption of a new Constitution in Pakistan. |
1973 | A Constitution adopted in Syria. |
1974 | A marriage law enacted in Indonesia. |
1975 | The Family Protection Act amended in Iran. |
1975 | The Syrian Law of Personal Status amended. |
1977–88 | The presidency of Zia al-Haqq in Pakistan. |
1979 | The Islamic Revolution in Iran; the adoption of a new Constitution. |
1979 | Law No. 44 (Jihan’s Law) promulgated in Egypt. |
1980–96 | A number of changes introduced to the criminal code in Iran. |
1985 | Law No. 100, replacing Jihan’s Law of 1979. |
1989 | Law No. 7 enacted in Indonesia (for the unification of Shari a courts). |
1989 | The Iranian Constitution amended, expanding presidential powers. |
1991 | Enactment of the Compilation of Islamic Law in Indonesia (Kompilasi Hukum Islam di Indonesia). |
1992 | Law of Personal Status (No. 20) promulgated in Yemen. |
1996 | A new constitution adopted in Algeria, repealing its 1976 predecessor. |
2000 | The Procedure of General and Revolutionary Courts promulgated. |
2003 | Iranian Civil Code promulgated. |
2003–07 | A major wave of legislative enactments in occupied Iraq. |
Hodgson
,
Marshall G. S.
,
Rethinking World History: Essays on Europe, Islam, and World History
(
Cambridge and New York
:
Cambridge University Press
,
1993
). Almost indispensable for understanding modern developments.
[4]
Hodgson
,
Marshall G. S.
,
The Venture of Islam
, 3 vols. (
Chicago
:
University of Chicago Press
,
1974
).
[3]
Hourani
,
Albert
,
A History of the Arab Peoples
(
Cambridge, MA
:
The Belknap Press
,
1991
).
[1]
Lapidus
,
Ira M.
,
A History of Islamic Societies
(
Cambridge and New York
:
Cambridge University Press
,
1988
).
[1]
Marcus
,
Abraham
,
The Middle East on the Eve of Modernity: Aleppo in the Eighteenth Century
(
New York
:
Columbia University Press
,
1989
).
[2]
Calder
,
Norman
, “
Law
,” in
Seyyed Hossein
Nasr
and
O.
Leaman
, eds.,
History of Islamic Philosophy
, vol. 1 (
London and New York
:
Routledge
,
1996
),
979
–98.
[2]
Cohen
,
H. J.
, “
The Economic Background and Secular Occupations of Muslim Jurisprudents and Traditionists in the Classical Period of Islam (until the
Middle of the Eleventh Century)
,”
Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient
(January
1970
):
16
–61.
[1]
Glenn
,
Patrick H.
,
Legal Traditions of the World: Sustainable Diversity in Law
(
Oxford and New York
:
Oxford University Press
,
2000
). At times inaccurate in its single-chapter treatment of Islamic law, but gives an excellent comparative perspective.
[1]
Hallaq
,
Wael B.
, “
The Authenticity of Prophetic Hadith: A Pseudo-Problem
,”
Studia Islamica
,
89
(
1999
):
75
–90.
[2]
Hallaq
,
Wael B.
,
The Origins and Evolution of Islamic Law
, in
W.
Hallaq
, series ed., Themes in Islamic Law 1 (
Cambridge
:
Cambridge University Press
,
2005
).
[1]
Hallaq
,
Wael B.
,
Shari
a: Theory, Practice, Transformations
(
Cambridge
:
Cambridge University Press
,
2009
).
[2–3]
Khadduri
,
M.
and
H. J.
Liebesny
, eds.,
Law in the Middle East
(
Washington, DC
:
Middle East Institute
,
1955
),
chapters 1
–
5
.
[1]
Weiss
,
Bernard G.
,
The Spirit of Islamic Law
(
Athens and London
:
University of Georgia Press
,
1998
).
[2]
Yearbook of Islamic and Middle Eastern Law
, ed.
E.
Cotran
et al
., vols. 1–8 (
The Hague
:
Kluwer Law International
,
1995
–2003); vols. 9–12 (Leiden: Brill, 2004–8). A good source to follow important legal developments in North African and Middle Eastern countries.
[5]
Zubaida
,
Sami
,
Islam, the People and the State: Essays on Political Ideas and Movements in the Middle East
(
London and New York
:
Routlege
,
1989
).
[3]
Zubaida
,
Sami
,
Law and Power in the Islamic World
(
London and New York
:
I. B. Tauris
,
2003
).
[2]
Hallaq
,
Wael
,
Authority, Continuity and Change in Islamic Law
(
Cambridge
:
Cambridge University Press
,
2001
), 1–23, 166–235.
[4–5]
Masud
,
Muhammad Khalid
,
Brinkley
Messick
and
David S.
Powers
, eds.,
Islamic Legal Interpretation: Muftis and Their Fatwas
(
Cambridge, MA
:
Harvard University Press
,
1996
). Introduction
[1]
; rest of the book
[2–3]
Masud
,
Muhammad
et al
., eds.,
Dispensing Justice in Islam: Qadis and Their Judgments
(
Leiden
:
Brill
,
2006
).
[2–3]
Messick
,
Brinkley
,
The Calligraphic State: Textual Domination and History in a Muslim Society
(
Berkeley
:
University of California Press
,
1993
).
[5]
Müller
,
Christian
, “
Judging with God’s Law on Earth: Judicial Powers of the Qadi al-Jama‘a of Cordoba in the Fifth/Eleventh Century
,”
Islamic Law and Society
,
7
, 2 (
2000
):
159
–86.
[4]
Powers
,
David S.
, “
On Judicial Review in Islamic Law
,”
Law and Society Review
,
26
(
1992
):
315
–41.
[4]
Powers
,
David S.
, “
Legal Consultation (futya) in Medieval Spain and North Africa
,” in
Chibli
Mallat
, ed.,
Islam and Public Law: Classical and Contemporary Studies
(
London and Boston
:
Graham and Trotman
,
1993
),
85
–106.
[3]
Tyan
,
E.
,
“Judicial Organization,”
in
M.
Khadduri
and
H. J.
Liebesny
, eds.,
Law in the Middle East
(
Washington, DC
:
Middle East Institute
,
1955
),
236
–78.
[1]
Hallaq
,
Wael
,
A History of Islamic Legal Theories
(
Cambridge
:
Cambridge University Press
,
1997
).
[2]
Hallaq
,
Wael
, “
Non-Analogical Arguments in Sunni Juridical
Qiyas
,”
Arabica
,
36
, 3 (
1989
):
286
–306.
[3]
Hallaq
,
Wael
, “
On the Authoritativeness of Sunni Consensus
,”
International Journal of Middle East Studies
,
18
(
1986
):
427
–54.
[3]
Hallaq
,
Wael
, “
Was the Gate of Ijtihad Closed?
”
International Journal of Middle East Studies
,
16
(
1984
):
3
–41.
[1]
Kamali
,
Hashim
,
Principles of Islamic Jurisprudence
(
Selangor
:
Pelanduk Publications
,
1989
).
[2]
Lowry
,
Joseph
, “
Does Shafi
i Have a Theory of Four Sources of Law
?” in
Bernard G.
Weiss
, ed.,
Studies in Islamic Legal Theory
(
Leiden
:
Brill
,
2002
),
23
–50.
[4]
Wakin
,
Jeanette
, “
Interpretation of the Divine Command in the Jurisprudence of Muwaffaq al-Din Ibn Qudamah
,” in
N.
Heer
, ed.,
Islamic Law and Jurisprudence: Studies in Honor of Farhat J. Ziadeh
(
Seattle
:
University of Washington Press
,
1990
),
33
–53.
[4]
Weiss
,
Bernard G.
, “
Interpretation in Islamic Law: The Theory of
Ijtihad
,”
American Journal of Comparative Law
,
26
(
1978
):
199
–212.
[1]
Weiss
,
Bernard G.
, “
Knowledge of the Past: The Theory of
Tawatur
According to Ghazali
,”
Studia Islamica
,
61
(
1985
):
81
–105.
[3]
Weiss
,
Bernard G.
,
The Search for God’s Law: Islamic Jurisprudence in the Writings of Sayf al-Din al-Amidi
(
Salt Lake City
:
University of Utah Press
,
1992
).
[5]
Weiss
,
Bernard G.
, ed.,
Studies in Islamic Legal Theory
(
Leiden
:
Brill
,
2002
).
[3–4]