48 For Shorey, see University of South Carolina Library, Modem Political Collections, Gregory D. Shorey Papers, Finding Aid. For Milliken, see
www.milliken.com
; correspondence in HR, Box 51/13; and WFBJ, Box 8. For shutting down unionizing plant, see
Textile Workers Union of America v. Darlington Manufacturing
Co., 380 U.S. 263.
48 Greenville speech: J. Hunter Stokes, “Goldwater Calls GOP to Battle,”
Greenville News,
May 17, 1959; Dorn to Manion, May 20, 1959, CM, Box 69/4; and F. Clifton White with William Gill,
Suite 3505: The Story of the Draft Goldwater Movement
(New Rochelle, N.Y.: Arlington House, 1967), 20.
48 Coded letter: Stratton to Manion, May 17, 1959, or May 18, 1959 (date typed over), CM, Box 69/4.
49
“The subject of this personal”
: Clarence Manion to various,
“CONFIDENTIAL,”
May 29, 1959, CM, Box 69/4.
50
“A listless interlude, quickly forgotten”
: Arthur Schlesinger Jr., “The New Mood in Politics,”
Esquire,
January 1960.
50
Like sentiments:
John K. Jessup et al.,
The National Purpose
(New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1960), essays originally appearing in
Life;
William Atwood, “How America Feels as We Enter the Soaring Sixties,”
Look,
January 5, 1960; “Americaâ1960: A Symposium,” TNR, February 15, 1960; and Adlai Stevenson, “Putting First Things FirstâA Democratic View,”
Foreign Affairs,
January 1960. See also David Farber, ed.,
The Sixties: From Memory to History
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1994), 16-17. JFK kickoff: John A. Andrew III,
The Other Side of the Sixties: Young Americans for Freedom and the Rise of Conservative Politics
(New Brunswick: N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1997), 3.
50
“Do you remember that in classical times”:
Kathleen Hall Jamieson,
Packaging the Presidency: A History and Criticism of Presidential Campaign Advertising,
3rd ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996), 68. Nixon's response: Thomas C. Reeves,
A Question of Character: A Life of John F. Kennedy
(New York: Free Press, 1991), 198.
50 The YMCA-YWCA conference is noted in Doug Rossinow,
The Politics of Authenticity: Liberalism, Christianity, and the New Left in America
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1998), 6.
51 Manion's recruitment frustrations: letters from Easley and Pulliam, June 1, 1959; Sharp, Snowden, Broder, and Owsley, June 3, 1959; and Comer, June 5, 1959, CM, Box 69/4. Typical comments include “It seems to me too much of a longshot”; “I believe the Democratic Party will remain the conservative party in the state of North Carolina for years to come”; and “It would seem that Nixon ought to be the man with his background and experience.” BMG associate Clarence Buddington Kelland called the effort “silly,” promising he would tell Barry to steer clear of it. Their acceptances came with caveats such as “I have no illusions that outside of a miracle we could ever get him nominated.”
51
“We hope to publish”:
Manion to Bruce, July 1, 1959, CM, Box 69/7.
51 The origins of the booklet idea are documented in Brophy to Bozell, Brophy to BMG, and Manion to Roger Milliken, all persuant to a phone call between Brophy and Manion that morning, June 18, 1959, all in CM, Box 69/7. Manion's agreement with BMG is in Manion to Brophy, July 28, 1959, CM, Box 70/1, on July 24, 1959, conference with BMG in Washington, and, especially, “Proposed Program for Conservative Action,” CM, Box 69/5.
“I doubt there's much money”:
Buckley to Manion, October 2, 1959, CM, Box 70/1.
51 On J. Bracken Lee, see George B. Russell,
J. Bracken Lee: The Taxpayer's Champion
(New York: Robert Spellers and Sons, 1961). For Kohler's acceptance, see Manion to various, June 29, 1959, CM, Box 69/5. For other acceptances see
“
PERSONAL AND CONFIDENTIAL
,” July 31, 1959, CM, Box 70/1. “
Dear Clarence”:
Weaver to Manion, July 6, 1959.
52 On Bozell's absence, see Manion to Brophy, July 6, 1959; Manion to Russell with enclosure, July 13, 1959, CM, Box 70/1. Announcement that book would appear in sixty days: Manion to Schwepp, July 16, 1959, CM, Box 70/1.
52 On consternation over Khrushchev visit, see Manion to Fasken, August 14, 1959, CM, Box 70/1; and Hub Russell resignation letter to Commonwealth Club of California, October 14, 1959, CM, Box 69/5. National Committee of Mourning: August 30, 1959, “Manion Forum” broadcast, FL, MF258. Committee against Summit Entanglements: Manion secretary to Buckley, August 12, 1959, WFBJ, Box 9; and Brophy to Manion, September 4, 1959. Buckley rally: Buckley to Burnham, September 22, 1959, WFBJ, Box 8/Interoffice Memos; and John B. Judis,
William F. Buckley, Jr.: Patron Saint of the Conservatives
(New York: Touchstone, 1990), 175. For Allen-Bradley ad, see WSJ, September 1959.
52 For Publishers Printing Company deal, see Manion to Brophy, September 1, 1959, Manion to Buckley, October 23, 1959, and Publishers Printing to Manion, November 3, 1959, all in CM, Box 70/1; Manion to Milliken, January 20, 1960, and Manion to Kimmel, March 22, 1960, CM, Box 70/2. Independent American Forum and New Party Rally: Manion to Phelps, September 21, 1959, and Manion to Dorn, October 22, 1959, CM, Box 69/5, and packet in CM, Box 70/2. Negotiations with Courtney: Heinsohn to Manion, November 6, 1959, CM, Box 70/2. For Hollings, see Manion to Griffith and Manion to Hanson, September 21, 1959, CM, Box 70/1; and Dorn to Manion plus attachment, October 15, 1959, CM, Box 70/2. For Wedemeyer, Manion to Bozell, July 2, 1959, Box 69/7.
“Keep after Bozell!
”: Manion to Russell, November 16, 1959, CM, Box 70/2.
53
By then Brent Bozell
: Edwards,
Goldwater
, 114. The advantage NAR's entrance offered is noted in Manion to Haley, January 6, 1960, CM, Box 70/2. For NAR's approach to party activists, see Manion to Brophy, October 23, 1959, CM, Box 70/2; Theodore H. White,
The Making of the President 1960
(New York: Atheneum, 1961), 79-80; and Nicol C. Rae,
The Decline and Fall of the Liberal Republicans: From 1952 to the Present
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), 41.
53 Main biographical source for NAR is Cary Reich,
The Life of Nelson A. Rockefeller: Worlds to Conquer, 1908-1958
(New York: Doubleday, 1996). Quote is from page 16.
53 Steffens on Nelson Aldrich is quoted in Reich, 3. The “suicidal” quote is on 538.
53 The Rockefeller family good works are noted, respectively, in Reich, 11, 81, 90-91; and Theodore H. White,
The Making of the President 1964
(New York: Atheneum, 1965), 95.
54
“Diligently attend to the Rockefeller rituals”:
Reich,
Life of Nelson A. Rockefeller
, 17. The quote on his presidential ambitions is in Reich, xvii.
55
“The only justification for ownership”:
ibid., 169.
55 Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs: ibid., 174-244.
55 NAR's frustrated bid to become deputy secretary of state is recorded in Stewart Alsop,
Nixon and Rockefeller: A Double Portrait
(Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1960), 79. Insistence on the gubernatorial nomination: Theodore H. White,
Making of the President 1960,
73.
56 Rockefeller Brothers Foundation's Special Studies: Reich,
Life of Nelson A. Rockefeller,
637-67; Farber, ed.,
The Sixties,
16-17; and
Prospects for America: The Rockefeller Panel Reports
(Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1961).
It became a literary touchstone:
James E. Underwood and William J. Daniels,
Governor Rockefeller in New York: The Apex of Pragmatic Liberalism in the United States
(Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1982).
56 NAR campaigning skills: Reich,
Life of Nelson A. Rockefeller,
742-48 (blintz quote on 745); and SEP, March 13, 1964.
56 NAR Los Angeles appearance: Kyle Palmer, LAT, November 14, 1959. NAR Manhattan campaign apparatus: White,
Making of the President 1960,
75-79 (quote on 75).
57 BMG's wild ride to Los Angeles is recounted in Stephen Shadegg,
Barry Goldwater: Freedom Is His Flight Plan
(New York: McFadden Books, 1963), 149-51.
58 BMG speech: HE, February 18, 1960. For tumultuous reception, see Shadegg,
Barry Goldwater,
152; Barry Goldwater,
With No Apologies: The Personal and Political Memoirs of United States Senator Barry M. Goldwater
(New York: William Morrow, 1979), 98 (for the Mazo quote); Kyle Palmer, LAT, November 14, 1959; and LAT, November 16, 1959. On the
Los Angeles Times
lunch invitation, see Stephen Shadegg,
What Happened to Goldwater?: The Inside Story of the 1964 Republican Campaign
(New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1965), 25.
59 For early history of the
Los Angeles Times,
see David Halberstam,
The Powers That Be
(New York: Knopf, 1979), 94-122 (quote on the Rockefellers and the Sulzbergers on 94). For its late-1950S professionalization, see Halberstam, 283-86, and Rick Lyman, “Otis Regrets,” NYTM, January 23, 2000. BMG column acceptance: Shadegg,
What Happened,
26; and Goldberg,
Barry Goldwater,
142.
59 For NAR's unsuccessful tour, see White,
Making of the President 1960,
79-83 (quote on 83); Michael Kramer and Sam Roberts, “
I Never Wanted to Be Vice-President of Anything!”: An Investigative Biography of Nelson Rockefeller
(New York: Basic, 1976), 223-25; and James Desmond,
Nelson Rockefeller: A Political Biography
(New York: Macmillan, 1964), 219-38.
60
“Many gigantic fortunes”
: Manion Forum fund-raising appeal, Patterson to Regnery, September 14, 1954, HR, Correspondence/Manion.
60 NAR's statement of withdrawal is in White,
Making of the President 1960,
82.
Â
4. CONSCIENCE
61 For Manion's Goldwater committee meeting, see Lee Edwards,
Goldwater: The Man Who Made a Revolution
(Washington, D.C.: Regnery, 1995), 115-19; and Manion to committee members, March 11, 1960, CM, Box 70/2.
61 Business arrangements in handwritten note, January 27, 1960, CM, Box 68/4;
Manion to Milliken, January 29, 1960; Manion to Brewer, February 2, 1960; handwritten notes dated January 1960; typed “NOTES ON THE GOLDWATER BOOK,” January 1960; and Manion to Kimmel, March 22, 1960, all in CM, Box 70/2. For Manion's bulk-selling techniques, see Patterson to various, January 10, 1955, on Social Security, and February 22, 1955, on TVA, CM, Box 98.
61
Throughout February, pages were sent:
Stephen Shadegg,
What Happened to Goldwater?: The Inside Story of the 1964 Republican Campaign
(New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1965), 28; Manion to Haley, January 1, 1960, CM, Box 70/2. Promotional announcement noted in Manion to Brophy, February 15, 1960, CM, Box 70/2. Bozell's visit to John Birch Society board meeting: Manion to Love, March 16, 1960, and Love to Manion, March 21, 1960, CM, Box 70/2; and author interviews with Scott Stanley and Robert Love. Publication date: Letter to 350 reviewers from L. D. Lashbrook, Victor Publishing, March 24, 1960, CM, Box 70/2. For South Carolina convention promise, see Manion to Milliken, March 12, 1960, CM, Box 70/2, and F. Clifton White with William Gill,
Suite 3505: The Story of the Draft Goldwater Movement
(New Rochelle, N.Y.: Arlington House, 1967), 20. The 10,000 figure comes from the orders in CM, Box 70/2.
62 For the 50,000-copy requirement, see Manion to Milliken, February 18, 1960; Manion to Kimmel, March 22, 1960; and pitch sent over Herb Kohler's signature to seventy-five top Manion Forum donors, February 18, 1960, CM, Box 70/2. For ads, see unidentified newspaper clip, “A New National Leader Emerges,” and
New Bed-ford Standard-Times,
March 18, 1960, CM, Box 70/2.
62 For bookstore problems and author copies, see April 12, 1960, and April 13, 1960, typed diary, CM, Box 70/2. For BMG's lack of interest, see Edwards,
Goldwater,
115; Russell to Manion, November 9, 1959, CM, Box 70/2; Shadegg to BMG, February 22, 1960, CM, Box 70/2; BMG to Bozell, February 24, 1960, and, most interestingly, Regnery to Hall, February 26, 1960; March 24, 1960; and April 19, 1960. HR, Correspondence /Jay Hall. There, BMG's indifference to the project is demonstrated by the fact that he had also casually agreed to sign his name to another ghostwritten book (never published), this one a collaboration between his adviser Jay Hall and Henry Regnery.
63
The book debuted at number ten: Time,
June 6, 1960.
By the time voters:
WSJ, November 3, 1960. For popularity in colleges, see “Campus Conservatives,” Time, February 10, 1961; “Conservatives on the Campus,”
Newsweek,
April 10, 1961; and WSJ, November 3, 1960.
63 My discussion of the existentialist appeal of
Conscience of a Conservative
is indebted to Doug Rossinow,
The Politics of Authenticity: Liberalism, Christianity, and the New Left in America
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1998); John A. Andrew III,
The Other Side of the Sixties: Young Americans for Freedom and the Rise of Conservative Politics
(New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1997); Gerald Schomp,
Birchism Was My Business
(New York: Macmillan, 1970); and author interviews with Lou Proyect and Doug Henwood. All quotes from
Conscience of a
Conservative are from the paperback edition (New York: McFadden Books, 1961).
65
Time
and
Barron's
review clips (n.d.) in CM, Box 70/2.
65
“I am at a loss to understand”:
Fred C. Koch,
A Business Man Looks at Communism, by an American Business Man
(self-published, 1960).