Authors: Naguib Mahfouz
H
ORUS HERALDED
, “The vizier Qaraqush!”
A squat man walked in and stood before the throne.
Osiris invited him to speak.
“With the decline of the Fatimids,” Qaraqush replied, “Salah al-Din al-Ayyubi came to Egypt to create a new state and the Ayyubid dynasty. Working as his vizier, I witnessed his reforms inside the country—in bettering the administration, reducing the poll taxes, and enforcing justice. Likewise I saw his accomplishments abroad—in uniting the Arabs and waging war successfully against the foreign Christians. His uprightness among the knights made him a model of bravery, chivalry, honor, and greatness, while in all my own labors I strove to improve government and make it more fair. Yet I was called a despot, without the least basis in fact, for forcing the removal of many dwellings while building the wall around the city of Cairo. No just person has ever known such injustice as I have.”
After seeking permission to speak, Thoth asked him, “Did you not strip stones from some of the pyramids to build your great wall, without respect for what the ancients had done?”
“I removed some worthless pagan ruins,” Qaraqush retorted, “in order to build for the sake of God and His prophet.”
“The grandchildren have forgotten their grandparents’ religion,” lamented Khufu. “They’re concerned with the present, not with the past.”
“I consider them as believing in my God,” Akhenaten answered Khufu.
“Salah al-Din’s successors were not his equals,” Qaraqush continued. “Christians from the north came to seize their glory. Damietta fell to them; they killed the men of Rosetta and desecrated the women. But in the end, they were defeated and left the country.”
“The Ayyubid dynasty departed too,” added Isis, “the good and the bad along with it.”
“Take our thanks to your final trial,” Osiris said to the vizier Qaraqush.
53
H
ORUS HAILED
, “al-Shihab al-Khafagi!”
A squat, excessively fat man came in, padding ponderously until he stood before the throne.
Osiris asked him to tell his story.
“I was born in Syracuse,” said al-Shihab al-Khafagi, “and grew into a man of language and letters. Among my most famous stanzas:
For how long will his avoidance make war on me?
My patience has only increased his soldiery.
My ecstasy makes mock of me
Just as his promises toy with my fantasies.
“I lived during the age of the Mamluks,” he continued, “whom the Ayyubids acquired because of their beauty. They gave them a brilliant upbringing to be their own servants, passing on their property to them. Some of them became mighty sultans as well as excellent Muslims, prizing justice and order combined. But the majority was profligate and greedy, and the people suffered agony, poverty, and ignominy at their hands.”
“I never realized that mamluks—slaves—had an age named after them,” said Thutmose III.
“You recited some love verses for us,” said the Sage Ptahhotep. “Didn’t the torments of the people move your passion for poetry, as well?”
“In a letter, I wrote,” replied al-Shihab al-Khafagi,
The good and virtuous have all gone—none remains but those who take pride in rottenness and corruption, in the spirit of pessimism, and the fruit of rebuke—the successor to the owl, the sign of bad fortune. Forbearance and silence are prolonged. How Heaven wept for the earth when she lost a dear one, and the clouds sobbed along with her.
“For hundreds of years the people lived through torments and rapacity, and if not for Islam, they would all have perished and disappeared.”
“What did you say about the Mamluks?” wondered Abnum.
“I tried not to stretch my neck under their swords,” answered al-Shihab al-Khafagi.
“What was the role of Islam, which you have talked about?” asked the Sage Ptahhotep.
“It was the brave ones among the men of religion,” said al-Shihab al-Khafagi, “who at times stood up to the tyrants in defense of the wretched, and their efforts were crowned with success. The downtrodden found in their faith both hope and consolation.”
Osiris looked at the Immortals in their seats.
“Ladies and gentlemen,” he addressed them, “I feel your sadness and your rage as well. Therefore I want you to know that our proceeding shall call out through the void to appeal to the two courts—Christian and Muslim—to bring the harshest possible penalties down upon all the iniquitous rulers who have usurped the throne of the pharaohs.”
Then he fixed his gaze on al-Shihab al-Khafagi.
“Go in peace to your final trial,” he told him, “with neither commendation nor censure from ours.”
54
T
HOTH
, S
CRIBE OF THE
G
ODS
, read aloud, “When the Mamluk state vanished, Egypt fell as booty into the hands of the Ottomans. Hundreds of pashas came and went as governors over the country, the Ottoman army and the remnants of the Mamluks sharing control with them. Under them, Egypt knew ease and comfort but rarely, and for fleeting periods only. A deadly struggle broke out within the ruling regime, and assassination and treachery became the norm. The people drowned in worry, ignorance, and humiliation, a condition that lasted some hundreds of years.”
Horus then called out, “Ali Bey al-Kabir!”
A muscular man of imposing height came in, walking in his winding sheet until he stood before the throne.
“You are the first foreign ruler that we have summoned to our trial due to the clearly Egyptian tendency in your policies—a kind not seen before. Hence I invite you to address the court.”
“I started as one of the mamluks belonging to Ibrahim Kakhiya,” said Ali Bey al-Kabir. “He prized me for my courage—so I became one of the few who were given the title of ‘bey.’ Next I became ‘sheikh al-balad,’ or head of the provincial government. At this point I thought of making Egypt independent of Ottoman rule, and I did just that. Immediately the hardships upon the people lessened. I was a just ruler, reigning righteously in accordance with Islam, and the Egyptians were blessed with peace and security—Muslims, Christians, and Jews as well. My domain stretched over the whole of the Arabian Peninsula, the Levant, and Nubia. If not for the treachery of Muhammad Abu al-Dhahab, one of my closest mamluks, Egypt’s fate would have been different. Yet I died nobly, just as I had lived.”
“Was not your making Egypt independent a violation of the unity of Islam,” complained Akhenaten, “the religion of the One God?”
“The Ottomans were tyrannical and corrupt, under a phony Islamic façade,” replied Ali Bey al-Kabir. “I was horrified by the torment that the Egyptians lived through. There was nothing for me to do but to make them happy under the shield of true Islam, if only by getting the Ottoman boot off their necks.”
“I want to begin by thanking you for retrieving part of my empire,” said Thutmose III.
Amenemhat I then said impatiently, “Didn’t you benefit from my
Teaching
, which I imparted after a conspiracy hatched by some of those who were the very closest to me—and which nearly devoured me as its victim?”
“Actually, I had never heard of it. Whatever I needed was found in the Qur’an and the Traditions of the Prophet—though precaution cannot thwart fate.”
Osiris then welcomed him, “For all that you deserve a seat among the Immortals—we shall note this in our certificate on your behalf.”
55
H
ORUS HERALDED
, “Al-Sayyid Umar Makram!”
A straight-backed man, neither tall nor short, entered the court in his shroud, walking onward until he stood before the throne.
Osiris invited him to speak.
“I was born in Asyut,” recited Umar Makram, “and learned science, morals, and religion from the flower of the elite. Then I became chief of the association of the Prophet’s descendants, indefatigably repelling the powerful in defense of the suffering people. When the French came to invade our country, I called on the people to fight, and marched at their head, but our armies were routed and the French occupied Cairo. They chose me as a member of their local council, but I refused with contempt and escaped to Syria, leaving my money and property exposed to theft. When the French overran Syria, Napoleon brought me back to Egypt, heaping honors upon me, but I shut myself in my house. Then Cairo rose up in revolt, and I led the rebellion myself. After it was put down with brutality, I again left for Syria, and did not return until the French had gone.
“Next I directed the insurrection against the Mamluks, and another against the Turkish governor. I swore allegiance to the latter’s replacement when I saw that he inclined toward the Egyptians, as well as toward justice and probity. But I resisted even that governor when he forgot his compact with us—and he forced me to leave once more. I remained in exile until I died.”
“You are an individual from the people,” Abnum addressed him, “who based his life on the defense of the people, calling on them to fight for the first time since my blessed revolution. They rose up against the foreign governor, and through their own power, installed a new ruler in his place. Tell me, was the new governor a son of the people, too?”
“No,” Umar Makram replied, “but he was a Muslim, and he seemed just to me.”
“What a catastrophe,” recoiled Abnum. “Why didn’t you try to take over yourself?”
“The Ottoman government would not agree.”
“I tell you again, what a catastrophe,” argued Abnum.
“Perhaps you simply revered the unity of Islam, the religion of the God Who is One?” suggested Akhenaten.
“Indeed,” affirmed Umar Makram, “that is what I thought—as a believer in God and His Prophet.”
“In any case, I am happy with this son,” said Isis.
“You merit a place among the Immortals: your commendation from us shall state this clearly,” assured him Osiris.
56
H
ORUS CALLED OUT
, “Muhammad Ali Pasha!”
A stout, straight-backed, and powerfully built man strode firmly into the room until he stood before the throne.
Osiris asked him to speak, and Muhammad Ali recalled for the court, “I was born in the city of Cavalla, where I was raised as an orphan. Upon reaching manhood, I enlisted in the Ottoman army, and went to Egypt to join the fight against the French. When the French retreated, I began to study the conditions there and to ponder the future. Discovering the weakness of the Ottomans, and the meanness of the Mamluks, I became aware of a third force neglected by everyone, that being the power of the local people and their native leaders. I resolved to forge close ties with them, for perhaps they could form a sound base upon which to set up a new state that would bring back the glories of ages past.
“In this I scored an outstanding success, as the people ousted the Turkish governor and swore allegiance to me instead. The Sublime Porte recognized this
fait accompli
and all went well—so I set to work carrying out my project, not stopping once till the end of my life. I put paid to the prevailing evil of the Mamluks, then obtained an order from the imperial palace to wage war against the Wahhabis in the Arabian Peninsula—and vanquished them as well. I created an army made up of Egyptians, and conquered the Sudan. When my son Ismail was killed there, I avenged him by slaughtering twenty thousand of the enemy. For the army I set up academies and factories, just as I fashioned a formidable navy, employing the help of French experts to accomplish it all. Nor did I neglect reform, for I introduced new agricultural crops, such as cotton, indigo, and opium; I planted orchards and established parks. I also built medical schools and hospitals, and sent Egyptians on study missions to France, the land of modern civilization. I reorganized public administration and security, and among my most important monuments are the Khayriya Barrages. I also set up the first printing press in the Middle East, located in Bulaq.
“The sultan in Istanbul demanded that I campaign on his behalf in the Morea and Syria—and my victories were so stunning that terror beat in the heart of the Seraglio itself. The emperor wanted to keep me in my place, but I waged war against him, invading his country. I would have seized control of his capital were it not for the intervention of the foreign powers, who feared the revival of Islam at my hands. The nations conspired against me, forcing me to submit to the Sublime Porte’s authority in return for making Egypt a hereditary fiefdom for my family. I was compelled also to reduce the size of my army and to close its schools and factories too. As the nation fell into ruin, I could not endure to the end: I lost my mind, then my life as well.”
“This was like a new Pharaonic dynasty,” remarked King Khufu, “despite its foreign origins.”
“You restored my empire,” said Thutmose III, “and I testify to your skill at military command. But you lost it in your own lifetime, making it the shortest-lived empire in history. Moreover, I’m amazed at your killing twenty thousand in revenge for your son’s death, as though you had not heard of my own wise policy in the countries I invaded.”
“I had never heard of it,” Muhammad Ali admitted. “And in truth, no one paid any attention to the ruins of your age before the savants who accompanied the French invasion arrived in Egypt, unlocking the secrets of their forgotten tongue. I acquired my own wisdom through my direct dealings with people.”
“I acknowledge your greatness,” Thutmose III continued, “but by its light I see your delusions. I very much wanted to indulge you to the last, but for the regrettably rapid end that befell your empire. This means that, despite your intelligence, your perception of things was wanting. You did not grasp the international situation well enough, and thus unwittingly exposed yourself to a force that you could not control.”
“I thought that France would stand by me until the end …,” Muhammad Ali started to say.
“This, too, does not aid in your defense,” Ptahhotep interrupted him. “A very short-sighted policy.”