Berlin Games (52 page)

ASSH Bulletin
*

Atlantic Monthly

Bulletin du Comité International Olympique (BDCE)
*

Daily Telegraph (DT)

Daily Herald

Daily Mirror

Daily Worker

The Economist

The Field

Glasgow Evening News

Jewish Chronicle

Journal of Olympic History
(JOH)*

Journal of Sport History
(JSH)*

Harper's Magazine

International Symposium for Olympic Research
(ISOR)*

Manchester Guardian
(TMG)

New Statesman

Newsweek

New York Times
(NYT)

North American Review

Official Bulletin of the International Olympic Committee
*

Olympic Review
*

Olympika
*

Saint Louis Post-Dispatch

Saturday Review

South Wales Evening Post

Spectator

Time

The Times
(London) (TT)

World Sports

(iv) Pamphlets

American Olympic Committee,
Fair Play for American Athletes
(1935) (AB)

Citrine, Walter,
Under the Heel of Hitler: The Dictatorship of Sport in Nazi Germany
(1936) (BOA)

Committee on Fair Play in Sports,
Preserve the Olympic Ideal
(1936) (CIO)

Organisationkomitee für die XI. Olympiade Berlin 1936,
Guide Book to the Celebration of the XIth Olympiad
(1936) (CIO)

(v) Novels

McNeish, James,
Lovelock
(Hodder & Stoughton, 1986)

Mitford, Nancy,
Wigs on the Green
(Butterworth, 1935)

Wolfe, Thomas,
You Can't Go Home Again
(HarperPerennial, 1998)

(vi) Official reports

IV Olympische Winterspiele 1936, Amtlicher Bericht
, Organisationkomitee für die IV. Olympischen Winterspiele

The XIth Olympic Games, Berlin 1936, Official Report
, Organisationkomitee für die XI. Olympiade Berlin

The Official Report of the XIth Olympiad
, ed. Harold M. Abrahams, British Olympic Association

British Ski Year Book
, 1952

(vii) Reference

Taylor, James and Shaw, Warren,
Dictionary of the Third Reich
(Penguin, 1997)

(b) Film

Charlie Chan at the Olympics
(1937)

Olympia, Parts 1 & 2
(1940), Homevision, 2000 (VHS available from www. amazon.com)

Tarzan's Revenge
(1938), Roan Group, 2004 (DVD available from www.troma.com)

(c) Electronic

NB: The following Web addresses were accessed on 23 January 2006. Links to all these URLs may be found on my website, www.guywalters.com

(i) Biographies and memoirs

Chand, Dhyan,
Goal!
, www.bharatiyahockey.org/granthalaya/goal/1936/page1.htm

Gentle, Peter,
Stella the Fella
, www.radio.com.pl/polonia/article.asp?tId=13495

Jesse Owens Foundation,
Who Is Jesse Owens?
, www.jesse-owens.org/about1.html

Jewish Virtual Library,
Marty Glickman
, www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/glickman.html

Masood, M. N.,
The World's Hockey Champions 1936
, www.bharatiyahockey.org/granthalaya/champions/

Nordmark, Birger and Houda, Patrick,
Rudi Ball
, http://web.comhem.se/~u87152366/RudiBallbiography.htm

Robinson, Roger,
Lovelock, John Edward
, www.dnzb.govt.nz/dnzb/default.asp?Find_Quick.asp?PersonEssay=4L14

Traces,
Martha Dodd
, www.traces.org/marthadodd.html

Ward, Paul,
Jack Lovelock: Come on Jack!
, www.nzedge.com/heroes/lovelock.html

Webber, Ken,
Glenn Morris: Colorado's Tarzan Recalled
, www.erblist.com/erbmania/kw/kwglennmorris.html

Wenzel, Esther,
Memories of the 1936 Olympic Games in Berlin
, www.iwitnesstohistory.org/ResidentPages/Wenzel/Wenzel%2036%20olympics.htm

(ii) Histories and articles

1936 Olympics–Berlin
, http://frankwykoff.com/1936.htm

Dean, Fred and Joan,
Account of 1936 Winter Olympics
, www.iceskatemagazine.com/page53.html

Jewish Virtual Library,
The Nazi Olympics
, www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/olympics.html

Konno, Satoshi,
Olympische Hymne
, www.geocities.com/Vienna/Studio/2891/olympia.htm

Richards, Annie,
Transsexual Women and Female Sports
, http://transwoman.tripod.com/sports.htm

United States Holocaust Memorial Museum,
The Nazi Olympics Berlin 1936
, www.ushmm.org/museum/exhibit/online/olympics/

Vercamer, Arvo and Pipes, Jason,
The 1936 Olympic Games in Germany
, www.feldgrau.com/1936olymp.html

(iii) Reference and archives

The Amateur Athletic Foundation of Los Angeles' digital archive features searchable pdf versions of, among others, the following titles:
ASSH Bulletin
,
Journal of Olympic History
,
Journal of Sport History
,
Olympika
,
Olympic Review
,
Revue Olympique
, http://www.aafla.org/search/search.htm

Centre for Olympic Studies and Research, Loughborough University, UK, www.lboro.ac.uk/departments/sses/institutes/cos/index.html

Inventory of the Avery Brundage Collection at the University of Illinois, http://web.library.uiuc.edu/ahx/ead/ua/2620037/2620037f.html

Lynching statistics, www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/shipp/lynchingyear.html

Currency conversions and comparisons are provided by the Economic History Services website, www.eh.net/

The Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum (FDR) contains online versions of the letters from Charles Sherrill and William Dodd, www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/online14.html

I have also consulted the excellent www.questia.com/ to locate journals, books, magazines, newspapers and books. This requires a subscription. For looking up and confirming general information, I have used Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page

100 metres: men's event in Berlin Games; weather conditions for Berlin Games; AAU championships in 1935; New York Metropolitan Championships; women's event in Berlin Games

200 metres

220-yard low hurdles

400 metres

1500 metres; in decathlon

 

AAA
see
Amateur Athletics Association (UK)

AAU
see
Amateur Athletic Union (US)

Abba, First Lt Silvano (Italian pentathlete)

Aberdare, Clarence, Lord; correspondence with Lewald over Jewish athletes; and proposed boycott of 1936 Games; at 1936 BOA dinner; on treatment of Jews in Germany; at Chancellery banquet before Berlin Games; at Ribbentrop's party

Abrahams, Harold; on Olympism; on boycott; commentary on Lovelock's triumph; on 400 metres final; on British successes in Berlin; on his attendance at Berlin Games

admiration of the body
see
physical culture

African-Americans: at Berlin Games; comparison with Jews and prejudice against; racist abuse; lynching; treatment compared to German Jews; on SS
Manhattan
; welcome for athletes at Berlin Games; success at Berlin Games, and Nazis; and supposed Aryan superiority;
see also
black competitors in Games; Metcalfe, Ralph; Negroes; Owens, Jesse

Afrikaners/Boers: and Hitler; Leibbrandt as representative

Albritton, David (African-American athlete)

Albus, Emmy (German athlete)

Allais, Emile (French skier)

Amateur Athletic Union (US): annual convention in 1933; and proposed boycott of 1936 Games; Mahoney appointed president; Miami convention in 1934; relinquishing of presidency by Brundage; New York convention in 1935; boycott vote; championships in 1935; and Owens' amateur status; Owens on

Amateur Athletics Association (UK): Roberts in Championships; 1936 AGM; and proposed boycott; boycott vote; and People's Olympics

amateur status of athletes: at Berlin Games; after Berlin Games; Brundage and

American Amateur Athletic Union
see
Amateur Athletic Union (US)

American Hebrew
: and Mayer

American Jewish Congress: support from Sherrill

American Olympic Association: meeting in 1933; proposed boycott of 1936 Games; Brundage's visit to Germany on behalf of; examination of conditions of Jewish sportsmen and women; right to certify athletes' participation in 1936 Games

American Olympic Committee:
Fair Play for American Athletes
; finance for Berlin Games; Wortmann's letter to German-Americans; banning of Holm from Berlin Games

amphetamines: use in Berlin Games

Amsterdam, 1928 Games: Germany readmitted to Games; Germany's success in

Ancient Greece
see
Greek civilisation

Andre, Edgar (communist trade unionist)

Anglo-German Naval Treaty (1935): Ribbentrop's involvement

Der Angriff
: attack on German Olympic Committee; on lynching in America; advice to Berliners on welcome for athletes; on German successes in Berlin Games

anti-Semitic signs: in Garmisch-Partenkirchen; Hitler and; during Berlin Games

anti-Semitism:
Der Angriff
; prejudice against Jewish sportsmen and women; and proposed boycott of 1936 Games; Hitler; Kirby; Germany; in Hungary; and Kabos;
see also
Jews

Antwerp, 1920 Olympic Games; Germany banned from

AOA
see
American Olympic Association

AOC
see
American Olympic Committee

appeasement; British

Archer, Alec (British ice hockey team)

Arendt, Gisela (German swimmer)

Argast (Swiss wrestler)

Argentina: relay team

army, German: at 1936 Winter Games; at occupation of the Rhineland; officers assigned to national teams; and pentathlon; growth;
see also
militarism and sport

Arnold, Thomas (headmaster of Rugby school)

Aryan appearance: Mitford sisters

Aryan superiority: Nazis and; and Bergmann; African-Americans and; Japanese and

Aryan victories: in Winter Games; in Berlin Games

Aryan virtues: Mayer and

Askola, Arvo (Finnish athlete)

Aslanbigo, Nazim (Turkish skier)

Association of Jewish Ex-Soldiers

Athens: first modern Olympic Games, 1896; Intercalated Games; proposed as permanent home for Olympic Games;
see also
Greece

Australia: athletes at Winter Games in; athletes at Berlin Games; Hitler's attention to Australian athletes;
see also
Norton; Oliver

Austria: Austrian athletes at 1936 Winter Games and Hitler; Jewish competitors in 1936 Games; referendum demand from Hitler; boycott of Berlin Games by Jewish competitors; discrimination against Jewish athletes; and Olympic torch; in football tournament; rematch against Peru

 

Bade, Wilfred (German foreign press official)

Baedeker guide to Berlin

Baier, Ernst (German figure skater)

Baillet-Latour, Count Henri de: appearance; at Barcelona meeting in 1931; as IOC Chairman; on proposed dismissal of Lewald from GOC; and von Halt; warning over Nazi involvement in preparations for 1936 Games; at Vienna meeting in 1933; and Jews; respect given to; approach to Brundage; call for US support; acceptance of German statements on Jews in 1936 Games; at Athens convention in 1934; on certification by AOC of athletes for 1936 Games; and Tschammer und Osten's assurance on Jews; on boycott campaign; on Hitler's apparent climb down; meeting with Hitler; response to Jahncke's support for boycott; on Brundage's defeat of boycott; and anti-Semitic signs in Garmisch; threat to Hitler to cancel Winter Games; demand for Jahncke's resignation; at Berlin games, opening ceremony; and Hitler's congratulations to athletes; at Chancellery banquet before Berlin Games; speech addressed to Hitler; at Ribbentrop's party; and Nazi takeover of Olympics; funeral organised by Nazis

Baldwin, Stanley (British prime minister); proposed meeting with Hitler; failed appeal to Cable & Wireless on behalf of rower

Ball, Rudi (German ice hockey team)

Ballangrud, Ivar (Norwegian speed skater)

Bamber, Bernard (British tennis player)

Barcelona: IOC meeting in 1931; as potential venue for Olympic Games; Republican and Nationalist fighting; People's Olympic Games
see
People's Olympic Games, Barcelona

Barlassina (Italian football referee)

Barrington-Ward, Robert (deputy editor of
The Times
)

Beccali, Luigi (Italian athlete)

Beer Hall Putsch, 1923

beggars: during Berlin Games

Belgium, and Locarno: Treaties of 1935

bell: Olympic

Benavides, Oscar (President of Peru)

Beresford, Jack (British rower)

Bergmann, Margaret Gretel (German Jewish high jumper); at Ettlingen training camp; banned from UFV; move to England; in Britain; reason for wishing to compete; ordered back to Germany; on Dora Ratjen; invitation to take part in Games; barred from Berlin Games; wish to leave Germany; in America

Berlin: as potential venue for Olympic Games; cancelled 1916 Games; IOC congress, 1930; political tribunals; during Olympic fortnight; ‘Week of Laughter'; Nazified guide; change in behaviour after Games; date awarded Olympics;
see also
Berlin Games; Germany; Olympiastadion

Berlin Castle banquet

Berlin Games: financing of; organising committee; symbol; propaganda for; guides, rules for; cosmetic changes for; athletes' suspicion of host nation; society attendees; accusations of cheating; closing ceremony; praise from overseas newspapers

Berlin Horseracing Association

Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra: performances at Olympic village

Bermuda: athletes at Berlin Games

Bickford, James (American bobsleigh team)

Bietags, Edvins (Latvian wrestler)

Binner, Walther (of Deutscher Schwimm Verband)

Birchall, Frederick (American journalist)

Bismarck, Prince Otto von: at 1936 BOA dinner

black competitors in Games: Third Reich's attitude to; alleged physical abnormalities; defined by Nazis as animals;
see also
African-Americans; Negroes

Blankers-Koen, Fanny (Dutch athlete)

Blomberg, Werner von

BOA
see
British Olympic Association

bobsleigh competition

BOC
see
British Olympic Committee

body
see
physical culture

Boeckmann, Dee (American coach)

Boettcher, Werner (German athlete)

Bogner, Willi (German skier)

Bohle, Ernst (of Auslands organisation)

Bolanachi, Angelo (Greek IOC member)

Bolshevism
see
communism

Bonacossa, Count

Bonhoeffer, Dietrich

Bor-Komorowski
see
Komorowski, Colonel Tadeusz

Borchmeyer, Erich (German athlete): in 100 metres

Boulanger, M. (Belgian decathlete)

boxing: exclusion of Jews from boxing federation; competitions

boycott of 1936 Games: proposed; as Zionist plot; Brundage's change of mind; AOC and; proposals during 1934; new interest in; as Jewish/Catholic plot; Mahoney and; Brundage on; sustained pressure; Jahncke's support for; AAU vote; and 1936 Winter Games;
Hitler and; Owens on; and Seelenbinder; resurrected by Jahncke; finance for Berlin Games and; demonstration in New York; Britain; Abrahams on; arguments against; British resolution; US Jewish athletes; athletes worldwide; correspondence left for athletes on SS
Manhattan

Brasser, Reindert (Dutch decathlete)

Braun, ‘Ma' (Dutch swimming trainer)

Brenchley, Edgar (British ice hockey team)

Brennan, George (British boxer)

Bridges, Alice (American swimmer)

Bristow, Martin (British rower)

Britain

 

1936 Winter Games: finance for; athletes at opening ceremony; non-attendance of athletes at opening ceremony; British in bobsleigh competition; dual citizenship of British athletes; ice hockey team; medals; team's journey to Games

 

Berlin Games: try-out finals; travel to Germany; arrival in Berlin; athletes in Olympic village; athletes' failure to salute Hitler; British athletes in opening ceremony; British embassy party in Berlin; in relay finals; medal successes; British team's reaction to winning relay; coxless fours; yachting successes; in eights final; medals; team's performance criticised

 

importance for Olympic Games; athletes in Los Angeles Games; political apathy among athletes; amateur status of athletes; Anglo-German Naval Treaty (1935); and Locarno Treaties of 1935; pro-German British; and Hitler's occupation of the Rhineland; boycott movement; return of war relics to Germany

 

British Championships June 1934, Bergmann in

 

British Empire: and sport

 

British Navy: rescue of British athletes in Barcelona

British Olympic Association: and proposed boycott of 1936 Games; letter from Archbishop of York to; acceptance of invitation to 1936 Games; cost of 1936 Winter Games; annual dinner 1936; on 1600 metres relay

British Olympic Committee: presentation of Roberts' medal by Princess Anne

British Union of Fascists; finance for;
see also
Mosley

British Workers' Sports Association; and People's Olympics

Brookes, William (founder of Olympian Games): meeting with Coubertin; and Olympic Games

Brown, Audrey (British athlete)

Brown, Godfrey (British athlete); in British try-out finals for Berlin Games; in 400 metres; in relay final; on fellow relay finalists; on Games as political propaganda

Brundage, Avery; obsession with competitive sport; and Stockholm Games; and Olympism; racism; and Baillet-Latour; meetings with Hitler; similarity to Hitler; and boycott issue; AOA resolution; desired membership of the IOC; opinion of Jews; on Germany; on Hitler; impression of Nazi Germany; Untermeyer on; relinquishing of presidency of AAU; and AAU convention in New York; concern for future of AAU; political naivety; on Jahncke's support for boycott; elected president of AAU; on US team's uniforms for 1936 Winter Games; letter from Düsseldorf; and Neutrality Acts; and Glickman; and Holm; on German attitude to sport; fundraising activities; raising of funds for Berlin Games; on Wortmann letter; and People's Olympic Games; sacking of Holm; on US team's
behaviour on SS
Manhattan
; at opening ceremony of Berlin Games; membership of IOC achieved; at Chancellery banquet before Games; at Ribbentrop's party; Peruvian complaints sent to; on American showing at Berlin Games; on training and need to learn from Germans; Owens' expulsion from AAU; continued contacts with Nazi government; life after Berlin Games; as head of IOC; marriage; post-war support for Nazi leaders; as vice-president of IOC

Buchman, Frank (founder of the Oxford Group)

Budapest; as potential venue for Olympic Games

Buergerbräukeller, Beer Hall Putsch, 1923

BUF
see
British Union of Fascists

Burghley, David, Lord: elected to IOC; at boycott vote; at 1936 BOA dinner; on Berlin Games; at Chancellery banquet before Games

Büro Ribbentrop

Burton, Lewis (journalist)

Butler Indoor Relays, 1936

BWSA
see
British Workers' Sports Association

 

Cable & Wireless: refusal to give leave to Howitt

Cadier, Axel (Swedish wrestler)

Cady, Fred (American diving coach)

Cahners, Norman (Jewish American athlete)

Çambel, Halet (Turkish fencer): on proposed boycott of Games; on food in Olympic village; on athletes' lack of interest in politics; on Jews in Germany

Cambridge University: students' support for boycott of Games

Campbell, Jeanette (Argentine swimmer)

Canada: complaints over 1936 Winter Games; in ice hockey tournament; medal in 1936 Winter Games; proposed participation in People's Olympic Games; boycott of Games by Jewish athletes; return of war relics to Germany; in relay finals