Beyond Belief (50 page)

54
. Margaret K. Norden, “American Editorial Response to the Rise of Adolf Hitler: A Preliminary Consideration,”
American Jewish Historical Society Quarterly
, vol. LVII (October 1968), p. 293.

55
. John Evelyn Wrench,
Geoffrey Dawson and Our Times
, as cited in Shirer, p. 206; Franklin Reid Gannon,
The British Press and Germany, 1936-1939
(London: Oxford, 1971), p. 121.

56
.
New York Times
, August 26, 1934, p. 1, August 27, 1934, p. 8. The North American Newspaper Alliance, for which Thompson wrote her column, issued her own report on her expulsion on August 26, 1934. The report was front-page news in many American newspapers. According to Ambassador Dodd, the reasons for her expulsion lay in her interview with Hitler in 1932 and her reports in 1933 condemning Hitler's antisemitic campaign. Marian K. Sanders,
Dorothy Thompson: A Legend in Her Own Times
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1973), pp. 167-168, 200; interview with William Shirer, December 19, 1984.

57
. Enrique Hank Lopez,
Conversations with Katherine Anne Porter
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1969), pp. 175-176, 178, 180; Joan Givner,
Katherine Anne Porter: A Life
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1982), pp. 259-263; Mary Anne Dolan, “Almost Since Chaucer with Miss Porter,”
Washington Star
, May 11, 1975.

58
. Shirer, pp. 189, 193; Edgar Mowrer, p. 225; Lochner,
What About Germany?
p. 100.

59
.
Philadelphia Record
, March 28, 1933.

60
. Edgar Mowrer, p. 224; John Gunther,
Inside Europe
, (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1937), p. 10.

61
.
New York Times
, August 11, 1935, p. 4.

62
. William E. Dodd, Jr., and Martha Dodd, eds.,
Ambassador Dodd's Diary, 1933-1938
(New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1941), pp. 157, 248, 288-289.

63
. Dodd to Hull, July 30, 1935, August 20, 1935. For a less critical evaluation of the Hitler regime by an American official, see the report of Military Attaché Truman Smith to the War Department, September 24, 1935,
Attaché Reports
, reprint 2657-B-780/4, as cited in Shafir, p. 506.

64
.
New York Times
, August 4, 1935, p. 19.

65
. Edgar Mowrer,
Triumph
, p. 233; Dodd and Dodd, pp. 99, 298.

66
.
New York Times
, August 4, 1935, p. 19.

67
. Smith,
Last Train from Berlin
, p. 9, Lilian Mowrer, pp. 288, 313;
Nation
, October 18, 1933, p. 433; Rhea Clyman, “The Story That Stopped Hitler,” in Brown and Bruner, p. 58.

68
. Another American Olympics visitor who would eventually become a virtual spokesman for Nazi Germany was Charles Lindbergh. When he met with reporters, he too lectured them on conditions in Germany. Shirer, pp. 232, 237; Martha Dodd, p. 99.

69
. Howard K. Smith, who visited Germany when he was a student, was struck by American students' failure to grasp the true nature of Nazi Germany. Smith,
Last Train from Berlin
, p. 9.

70
. Memo, Messersmith to Hull, March 25, 1935, DS 862.4016/496, as cited in Shafir, p. 76.

71
. Schultz,
Germany Will Try It Again
, p. 97. The American Commercial Attaché in Berlin, Douglas Miller, revealed that the Nazis even insisted that contracts which Americans signed with German firms had to carry a printed clause to the effect that “this contract is made under National Socialist principles.” Though those principles were never explicitly spelled out, American firms in Germany were often blackmailed into appointing Nazis to their boards and inviting Nazi delegations to the United States to “investigate whether the product was, in fact, Jewish.” Douglas Miller,
You Can't Do Business with Hitler
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1941), pp. 88, 197-201.

72
. During the winter Olympics Shirer, concerned about the way some American businessmen were responding to Nazism, arranged for them to have lunch with Miller. The “tycoons,” Shirer recalled, “told
him
what the situation was in Nazi Germany . . . . Miller could scarcely get a word in.” Shirer, p. 232.

73
.
Business Week
, May 24, November 11, 1933, December 8, 1934, September 7, 1935, August 15, 1936, January 2, August 21, 1937, all as cited in Daniel Shepherd Day, “American Opinion of National Socialism, 1933-1937,” Ph.D. diss., University of California at Los Angeles, 1958, pp. 112, 124; Harold C. Syrett, “The Business Press and American Neutrality, 1914-1917,”
Mississippi Valley Historical Review
, vol. 32 (September 1945), pp. 215-230; Gabriel Kolko, “American Business and Germany, 1930-1941,”
Western Political Quarterly
, December 1962, pp. 715ff.

74
. Miller, p. 194. See Charles Higham,
Trading with the Enemy
(New York: Delacorte Press, 1983), for a discussion of American business connections with Nazi Germany. Higham demonstrates how American businesses continued to trade with Germany long after Pearl Harbor.

75
.
Christian Science Monitor
, April 18, July 6, July 12, August 2, August 3, August 9, August 24, October 5, October 12, October 19, 1933.

76
.
Newsweek
, July 29, 1933.

77
. Armstrong,
Hitler's Reich
, pp. 11-12;
Los Angeles Times
, June 2, August 29, August 31, September 3, October 6, October 14, November 11, 1933; Martha Dodd, pp. 27-28.

78
.
Chicago Tribune
, August 9, August 11, August 12, 1933 (reprinted in
Los Angeles Times
, August 23, August 24, and August 25, 1933); Edwards, pp. 93-94; Shafir, p. 33.

79
. Transcript of recollections of Sigrid Schultz,
part II
, pp. 7-8.

80
.
Christian Century
, August 16, 1933, pp. 1031-1033.

81
.
Minneapolis Tribune
, July 31, 1935;
Rochester Democrat and Chronicle
, August 31, 1935;
Knoxville Journal
, August 8, 1935;
Grand Junction
(Colorado)
Sentinel
, October 28, 1935;
Harper's
, January 1935, p. 125; Armstrong,
Hitler's Reich
, p. 19.

82
.
Philadelphia Record
, March 28, 1933;
New York Evening Post
, March 27, 1933.

83
.
Philadelphia Ledger
, March 28, 1933;
Hartford Courant
, March 28, 1933.

84
.
St. Louis Times Dispatch
, March 24, 1933, as cited in
The Jews in Nazi Germany
, pp. 81-82;
Columbus Journal
, March 24, 1933;
Toledo Times
, March 23, 1933.

85
.
Collier's
, February 11, 1939, p. 12.

1
.
Saturday Evening Post
, June 2, 1934, p. 36.

2
.
Kansas City Journal Post
, July 25, 1935;
Cleveland Plain Dealer
, July 21, 1935;
Davenport
(Iowa)
Times
, July 29, 1935;
Terre Haute Star
, July 22, 1935.

3
.
Greensboro
(North Carolina)
News
, July 24, 1935;
Wilmington
(Delaware)
Journal
, July 24, 1935.

4
.
Davenport
(Iowa)
Times
, July 29, 1935;
Birmingham
(Alabama)
Age Herald
, July 22, 1935;
Dallas News
, November 18, 1935.

5
.
Houston Post
, as cited in
Literary Digest
, April 8, 1933;
Chicago Tribune
, March 13, September 14, 1932, February 4, March 13, March 24, 1933, May 14, July 31, 1934;
Cincinnati Enquirer
, November 18, 1935; Shlomo Shafir, “The Impact of the Jewish Crisis on American German Relations, 1933-1945,” Ph.D. diss. (Ann Arbor: University Microfilms International, 1971), p. 33; Jerome Edwards,
The Foreign Policy of Colonel McCormick's Tribune, 1929-1941
(Reno: University of Nevada Press, 1971), pp. 92-94.

6
.
Christian Science Monitor
, March 28, March 30, 1933;
New York Herald Tribune
, March 27, 1933, pp. 1, 5, April 1, 1933, p. 1;
New York Times
, March 27, 1933, p. 4, April 1, 1933, p. 1;
Literary Digest
, April 8, 1933, p. 3.

7
.
Christian Science Monitor
, April 4, 1933. In its editorial comment of April 2, 1933, the
New York Times
used a tongue-in-cheek manner and diagnosed millions of Germans as “suffering from malign obsessions,
painful hallucinations and nervous disorders of an alarming kind . . . . They forget entirely the impressions which their wild conduct may make upon others. If they hear protests and appeals from the outside world [to stop the terror and boycott], these only heighten their persecution mania.” In his report from Germany, Frederick Birchall observed that the boycott had been limited to one day and said that “one would like to believe this to be a lasthour concession to the sober remonstrances of the few thinking Germans there seem to be left in this maelstrom of ultranationalist frenzy.” This, however, Birchall contended, was not the case. “Instead it must be confessed that the [boycott] movement has been revealed . . . as a triumph of propaganda on a scale never before achieved here, even in wartime.” As a result of the boycott and the preboycott propaganda, the German people had been incited to turn against the Jews. Hostility and hatred toward the Jews had increased significantly. Germans blamed Jews for spreading “atrocity” stories which maligned Germany. Furthermore, Birchall argued, by scaling down the boycott to one day and eliminating many of those who were initially to be boycotted, the government had achieved these ends but had avoided many adverse economic effects. In short, the propaganda objectives had been fulfilled at limited cost.
New York Times
, April 1, 1933.
FRUS
, 1933, vol. II, p. 333.

8
.
Christian Science Monitor
, April 4, 1933. This was not the only time that the
Christian Science Monitor
directly accused Jews of bringing about their own misfortune. It also did so in 1939 when the SS
St. Louis
was meandering off the Cuban coast looking for a place to unload its Jewish refugee passengers (see
Chapter 5
). For background on the Christian Science movement see Erwin D. Canham,
Commitment to Freedom: The Story of the Christian Science Monitor
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1958), p. 287, and Stephen Gottschalk,
The Emergence of Christian Science in American Religious Life
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973), pp. 273-274. There were prominent Social Gospel leaders who were extremely critical of Christian Science. Walter Rauschenbush described it as a “form of selfish spirituality which turned its back on the world.” Rauschenbush,
A Theology for the Social Gospel
, p. 103, as cited in Gottschalk, pp. 260-261.

9
. Ismar Schorsch,
Jewish Reactions to German Anti-Semitism, 1870-1914
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1972), pp. 169-170.

10
.
Reformed Church Messenger
, April 6, 1933, August 24, 1933, pp. 9-11, September 7, 1933, pp. 8-9;
Lutheran Companion
, September 2, 1933, p. 1105;
Moody Bible Institute Monthly
, May 1933, p. 392;
King's Business
, June 1933, p. 171;
Sunday School Times
, December 9, 1933, p. 778, all as cited in Robert W. Ross
So It Was True
(Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1980), pp. 33-36.

11
. These questions appeared in
The Christian Century
on April 26, 1933,
p. 574. The article, entitled “A Jew Protests Against Protesters,” by Robert E. Asher, appeared April 12, 1933, pp. 492-444. For
The Christian Century's
comments urging restraint regarding judging Germany's treatment of Jews, see April 5, 1933, p. 443. In light of
The Christian Century's
eventual attitude toward Jewish immigration and the reports of mass murder, these early comments are instructive.

12
. Walter Lippmann, “Today and Tomorrow,”
Los Angeles Times
, May 19, 1933 (emphasis added). In 1943 George Seldes described Lippmann as one of the two most influential columnists in the United States. (The other, he said, was Westbrook Pegler.) Lippmann was considered by many of his colleagues to be the commentator with the greatest influence on “all men of intelligence.” George Seldes,
Facts and Fascism
(New York: In Fact Inc., 1943), p. 233.
DGFP
, series C,
The Third Reich, First Phase, I, January-October 1933
(Washington: Government Printing Office, 1957), pp. 451-455.

13
. David Halberstam,
The Powers That Be
(New York: Knopf, 1979), p. 370.

14
. Ronald Steel,
Walter Lippmann and the American Century
(New York: Vintage Books, 1980), pp. 191-192, 331. Lippmann rejected an invitation to join the Jewish Academy of Arts and Sciences and later turned down an award from that organization. He explained that he made it an “invariable rule not to accept awards or membership in organizations which have a sectarian character.” Steel, p. 619.