Black Genesis (40 page)

6.
From A. L. Berger, “Obliquity and Precession for the Last 5,000,000 Years,
Astronomy & Astrophysics
51 (1976): 127–35.

7.
We thank professional animator and producer Chance Gardner for producing these animated graphics.

8.
Annual Meeting of the American Astronomical Society, Historical Astronomy Division, January 5, 2004, Atlanta, Georgia.

9.
International Conference on the Archaeology of World Megalithic Cultures, University of Rhodes, Greece, October 28, 2004.

10.
Brophy and Rosen, “Satellite Imagery Measured of the Astronomically Aligned Megaliths at Nabta Playa,”
Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry
5, no. 1 (June 2005): 15–24.

11.
J. M. Malville, R. Schild, F. Wendorf, and J. Brenmer, “Astronomy of Nabta Playa,”
African Skies/Cieus Africains,
no. 11 (July 2007).

12.
See chart in Brophy and Rosen, “Satellite Imagery Measured of the Astronomically Aligned Megaliths at Nabta Playa.”

13.
J. M. Malville, R. Schild, F. Wendorf, and J. Brenmer, “Astronomy of Nabta Playa.”

14.
Thomas Brophy,
The Origin Map: Discovery of a Prehistoric Megalithic Astrophysical Map of the Universe
(Bloomington, Ind.: iUniverse, September 20, 2002).

15.
E. C. Krupp,
Echoes of the Ancient Skies
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1983), 26.16. We published a photo of them in Brophy and Rosen, “Satellite Imagery Measured of the Astronomically Aligned Megaliths at Nabta Playa.”

16.
Wendorf and Schild, et al.,
Holocene Settlement of the Egyptian Sahara,
vol. 1:
The Archaeology of Nabta Playa,
510.

17.
Ibid.

18.
See, for instance, G. De Santillana, and H. von Dechend,
Hamlet's Mill
(Boston: Gambit Inc., 1969).

19.
Discovery Channel documentary:
Egypt Uncovered: Chaos and Kings,
1998.

20.
Wendorf and Schild, et al.,
Holocene Settlement of the Egyptian Sahara,
vol. 1:
The Archaeology of Nabta Playa,
510.

21.
Ibid.

22.
Brophy and Rosen, “Satellite Imagery Measured of the Astronomically Aligned Megaliths at Nabta Playa.”

23.
J. M. Malville, R. Schild, F. Wendorf, and J. Brenmer, “Astronomy of Nabta Playa,”
African Skies/Cieus Africains,
no. 11 (July 2007).

24.
Ibid.

25.
Wendorf and Schild, et al.,
Holocene Settlement of the Egyptian Sahara,
vol. 1:
The Archaeology of Nabta Playa,
495.

26.
F. Wendorf, A. E. Close, and R. Schild. “Megaliths in the Egyptian Sahara,”
Sahara
5 (1992–1993): 7–16.

27.
For example, P. A. Rosen, T. Brophy, and M. Shimada, “Satellite Observations of Archaeoastronomical Structures at Nabta Play, Egypt,” proceedings of the IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Boston Massachusetts, 2008.

28.
R. A. Bagnold,
The Physics of Blown Sand and Desert Dunes
(London: Methuen, 1941).

29.
R. A. Bagnold, “Journeys in the Libyan Desert 1929 and 1930,”
Geographical Journal
78, no. 1 (July 1931).

30.
J. McKim Malville, Romuald Schild, Fred Wendorf, et al., “Astronomy of Nabta Playa,” in J. Holbrook et. al., eds.,
African Cultural Astronomy—Current Archaeoastronomy and Ethnoastronomy Research in Africa
(New York: Springer, 2008), 133.

31.
See, for example, Rosen, Brophy, and Shimada, “Satellite Observations of Archaeoastronomical Structures at Nabta Play, Egypt.”

32.
Ibid.

33.
Fliegel Jezerniczky Expeditions website (6 Jan 2009):
www.freerepublic.com/­focus/­f-chat/­2160254/­posts
.

CHAPTER 5. THE BIBLE, THE HAMITES, AND THE BLACK MEN

1.
Jailan Zayan,
Egypt—Culture Smart!: The Essential Guide to Customs and Culture
(London: Kuperard, 2007), 60.

2.
A description of this view can be found in a letter published in the
American Journal of Human Biology
13 (2001): 569–75 referencing S. O. Y. Keita, and A. J. Boyce,
Race: Confusion about Zoological and Social Taxonomies, and Their Places in Science
(Chicago and Oxford, England: Field Museum and Institute of Biological Anthropology, Oxford University).

3.
Peter Rigby,
African Images
(Oxford, England: Berg Publishers, 1996), 68.

4.
C. G. Seligman.
Races of Africa
(London: T. Butterworth, 1930).

5.
Ibid., 96.

6.
Henri Frankfort,
Kingship and the Gods
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978), 16.

7.
Ibid., 163.

8.
Ibid., 70.

9.
Martin Bernal,
Black Athena: The Afroasiatic Roots of Classical Civilization,
vols. 1, 2, and 3 (Piscataway, N.J.: Rutgers University Press 1987).

10.
See Clarence Walker,
We Can't Go Home Again: An Argument about Afrocentrism
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2004).

11.
Ibid. Also see
www.egyptsearch.com/­forum/­HTML/­001646.html
.

12.
Rebecca L. Cann, Mark Stoneking, and Allan C. Wilson, “Mitochondrial DNA and Human Evolution,”
Nature
325 (1987): 31–36.

13.
Michael Deacon, “Interview with Alice Roberts: The Incredible Human Journey,”
Daily Telegraph,
May 5, 2009.

14.
Ibid.

15.
Pedro Soares et al., “Correcting for Purifying Selection: An Improved Human Mitochondrial Molecular Clock,”
American Journal of Human Genetics
84, no. 6 (June 4, 2009): 740–59.

We note that more recent research (see note 14) pushes that back to about 200,000 BCE.

16.
See Bradshaw Foundation at
www.bradshaw­foundation.com/­journey
.

17.
Ibid.

18.
Anta Diop, “Origin of the Ancient Egyptians” (see
www.africawithin.com/­diop/­origin_­egyptian.htm).

19.
Ibid.

20.
Ibid.

21.
R. Schild and F. Wendorf, “Forty Years of Combined Prehistoric Expedition,”
Archaeologia Polona
40 (2002): 18.

22.
Taken from an article by Cheikh Anta Diop in “Egypt Revisited,”
Journal of African Civilization
10 (Summer 1989): 9–39.

23.
Ibid.

24.
Herodotus,
The Histories,
II, 104.

25.
Ibid., 22.

26.
Aristotle,
Physiognomy,
6.

27.
Aeschylus,
The Suppliants,
verses 719–20. See also verse 745.

28.
Apollodoros, Book II, “The Family of Inachus,” paragraphs 3 and 4.

29.
Lucian,
Navigations,
paragraphs 2 and 3.

30.
Strabo,
Geography,
Book I, chapter 3, paragraph 10; Diodorus of Sicily,
Universal History,
Book III; Diogenes,
Laertius,
Book VII, verse i; Ammianus Marcellinus, Book XXII, paragraph 16:23.

31.
M. C. F. Volney,
Voyages en Syrie et en Egypte
(Paris: n.p., 1787), vol. I, 74–77.

32.
Jean-Jacques Champollion-Figeac,
L'Egypte Ancienne,
Didot ed., Paris: 1839, pp. 26–27.

33.
Adolf Erman, Hermann Grapow,
Deutsche Akamemie, Worterbuch der Aegyptischen Sprache,
vol 5 (n.p., 1971), 122, 127.

34.
Ibid., 123–28.

35.
UNESCO Symposium on the Peopling of Ancient Egypt and the Deciphering of the Meroitic Script, January 1974, Cairo. Proceedings of the Conference published in 1978.

36.
Richard Girling, “King Tut Tut Tut,”
Sunday Times
of London, May 22, 2005.

37.
Neil Genzlinger, “Chasing Mummies—The Pharaoh of Egyptian Antiquities,”
New York Times,
July 13, 2010.

38.
http://findarticles.com/­p/news-articles/­jerusalem-post/­mi_8048/­is_20070402/­war-pyramid-theorist/­ai_n47369584
.

39.
Ibid.

40.
Jerusalem Post,
April 2, 2007, “War of the Pyramid Theorists,” by Yaniv Salama-Scheer:
http://findarticles.com/­p/news-articles/­jerusalem-post/­mi_8048/­is_20070402/­war-pyramid-theorists/­ai_n47369584
.

41.
Thomas Brophy,
The Mechanism Demands a Mysticism
(Blue Hill, Maine: Medicine Bear Publishing, 1999).

42.
Memri TV, Arabic video, English transcript, broadcast February 11, 2009. See
www.memritv.org/­clip/en/­2049.htm
Accessed August 20, 2010.

43.
www.liveleak.com/­view?i=f50_­1279175755

44.
Romuald Schild and Fred Wendorf, “Forty Years of the Combined Prehistoric Expedition,”
Archaeologia Polona
40 (2002): 3–22.

45.
Sean Markey, “Exodus from Drying Sahara Gave Rise to Pharaohs, Study Says,”
National Geographic News,
July 20, 2006,
http://news.national­geographic.com/­news/2006/­07/060720-­sahara.html
. (Accessed August 20, 2010.)

46.
Romuald Schild and Michal Kobusiewicz, “Prehistoric Herdsmen, Academia,”
Focus on Archaeology
3, no. 7 (2005).

47.
Gerhard Rohlfs,
Voyages et Explorations au Sahara,
tome 2 (n.p.,1865–67).

48.
Rosita Forbes and Sir Harry Johnston,
The Secret of the Sahara: Kufara
(London: n.p., 1923), introduction.

49.
Ahmed Hassanein, “Crossing the Untraversered Libyan Desert,”
National Geographic Magazine,
vol. XLVI, no. 3, September 1924.

50.
R. A. Bagnold, O. H. Myers, R. F. Peel, and H. A. Winkler, “An Expedition to the Gilf Kebir and Uweinat, 1938,”
Geographical Journal
93, no. 4 (April 1939), 281–312. See also Major R. A. Bagnold, “Journeys in the Libyan Desert, 1929 and 1930,”
Georgaphical Journal
78, no. 1 (1931): 13.

51.
From L. E. Almasy.
Recentes Explorations dans le Desert Libyque, Royal Geographical society of Egypt,
1936, p. 36. Quoted in Wael T. Abed's book
The Other Egypt
(Cairo: n.p., 1998), 108.

52.
Ibid.

53.
Rudolph Kuper and Stefan Kröpelin,
“
Climate-Controlled Holocene Occupation in the Sahara: Motor of Africa's Evolution,”
Science Journal AAAS
(July 2006).

54.
Kenneth Chang, “In Lake, Signs of Slow Shift from Savannah to Sahara,”
New York Times,
May 9, 2008.

55.
Peter Gwin, “Lost Tribes of the Green Sahara,”
National Geographic,
September 2008.

56.
Ibid.

57.
Ibid. Sponsors and funders for the Gobero expeditions are
National Geographic,
Island Fund of the New York Community Trust, the National Science Foundation, and the Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research. See also “Stone Age Graveyard Reveals Lifestyles of a ‘Green Sahara': Two Successive Cultures Thrived Lakeside,”
http://news.uchicago.edu/­news.php?­asset_id=1424
(accessed August 20, 2010), and P. C. Sereno, E. A. Garcea, C. M. Stojanowski, et al. “Lakeside Cemeteries in the Sahara: 5000 Years of Holocene Population and Environmental Change,”
www.plosone.org/­article/­info%3Adoi%2F10.­1371%2Fjournal.­pone.0002995
(accessed August 20, 2010).

58.
Jean-Loic Quellec, “Can One ‘Read' the Rock Art? An Egyptian Example.” In Paul Taylor, ed.,
Iconography without Texts
(London: Warburg Warburg Institute Colloquia 12), 2008, pp. 25–42.
http://cnrs.academia.edu/­documents/­0097/­7841/Le_Quellec­_2008-k.pdf
.

CHAPTER 6. THE CATTLE AND THE STAR GODDESSES

1.
Richard Parker, “Ancient Egyptian Astronomy,” Department of Egyptology, Brown University, Philosophical Transaction of the Royal Society of London, 1974, A 276, 51–65. See also Professor Jiro Kondo,
Ancient Egyptian Astronomy
(Tokyo: Waseda Universtiy, 2008),
www.yomiuri.co.jp/­adv/wol/­dy/opinion/­culture_­081006.htm
. Accessed August 23, 2010.

2.
For a very early, possibly even prehistoric, representation of a star-cow goddess of ancient Egypt see Donald B. Redford, ed., “Predynastic Star-studded Cow Goddess,”
Oxford Guide to Egyptian Mythology
(New York: Berkley Books, 2002), 157–61.

3.
Jaromir Malek and John Baines,
The Cultural Atlas of the World: Ancient Egypt
(Richmond, Va.: Stonehenge Press, 1991), 14.

4.
Richard Wilkinson,
The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt
(Cairo: American University in Cairo Press, 2003), 167.

5.
Ian Shaw and Paul Nicholson,
Dictionary of Ancient Egypt
(London: British Museum Press, 1995), 58.

6.
J. McKim Malville, R. Schild, F. Wendorf, et al., “Astronomy of Nabta Playa,”
African Skies/Cieux Africains,
no. 11 (July 2007): 21.

7.
Jeff Greenwald, “Moo Age Travellers: Were cattle-worshipping nomads the predecessors of the Pharaohs?”
The New Scientist
2249, July 29, 2000.

8.
Fred Wendorf and Romuald Schild, “The Megaliths of Nabta Playa,”
Academia, Focus on Archaeology,
no. 1 (2004): 11.

9.
Quoted in Richard H. Wilkinson,
The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt
(London: Thames and Hudson, 2003), 15.

10.
Juan Belmonte, “Some Open Questions on the Egyptian Calendar: An Astronomer's View,”
Trabajos de Egiptologia
(TdE) 2003, p. 24.