Read Bonnie Prince Charlie: Charles Edward Stuart (Pimlico) Online
Authors: Frank McLynn
1
R A Stuart 405/187.
2
R A Stuart 398/98.
3
R A Stuart 399/114; 401/18,86–7; 402/54,69,89,117.
4
R A Stuart 402/9.
5
R A Stuart 414/88.
6
R A Stuart 403/43. Cf. also
Walpole Correspondence
, 26, pp.46–7.
7
A E M D Angleterre 81 f.96.
8
Mackenzie,
Prince Charlie’s Ladies
, op. cit., pp.213–14.
9
R A Stuart 404/172.
10
Add MSS 39,923 f.148.
11
R A Stuart 402/144.
12
R A Stuart 402/142.
13
R A Stuart 402/143.
14
R A Stuart 402/150.
15
R A Stuart 402/155.
16
Ibid
.
17
R A Stuart 402/161,169.
18
R A Stuart 402/153.
19
R A Stuart 402/165,178.
20
R A Stuart 402/167.
21
R A Stuart 402/162,170,171.
22
R A Stuart 402/175,191,192,204,208.
23
R A Stuart 402/179,204,216; 403/74,96.
24
R A Stuart 402/216.
25
R A Stuart 402/184–8.
26
R A Stuart 402/206.
27
R A Stuart 403/25,139.
28
R A Stuart 403/3.
29
R A Stuart 404/17.
30
A E C P Angleterre 442 ff.405–7.
31
R A Stuart 403/43.
32
R A Stuart 403/5.
33
R A Stuart 404/17,94.
34
R A Stuart 402/204; 403/8.
35
R A Stuart Box 1/510.
36
R A Stuart 403/8.
37
R A Stuart 404/179; 403/8.
38
R A Stuart 404/173.
39
R A Stuart 402/198.
40
R A Stuart 403/35,52,157.
41
R A Stuart 402/151,181; Box 1/507,
42
R A Stuart 403/59.
43
R A Stuart 403/68.
44
R A Stuart 403/119.
45
R A Stuart 404/173.
46
R A Stuart 409/215.
47
R A Stuart 413/166.
48
H M C, 11, vii, p.44.
49
S P France 251 ff.78, 178.
50
S P France 258 f.263.
51
Correspondance de Voltaire
, op. cit., 51, p.237.
52
Ibid
., 49, pp.179–80.
53
R A Stuart 403/82. Sholto Douglas, brother of Sir John Douglas, visited the prince as representative of the English Jacobite party in September 1760 (R A Stuart 403/83,89,98).
54
Tayler,
Stuart Papers
, op. cit., pp.249–50. This is a bad misreading of a document (original at R A Stuart 398/159). The address at the top of the letter is clearly that of the addressee.
55
Other sources for the George III coronation story are
Scots Magazine
, 1788, pp.209–11;
St. James’s Chronicle
, 1–3 May 1788;
Hume’s Letters
, op. cit., ii, p.484;
Walpole Correspondence
, 11, p,296.
56
Even the jittery duo, Horace Walpole and Horace Mann, accepted the truth of this. Cf.
Walpole Correspondence
, 22, p.90.
57
London Chronicle
, 11–13 November 1762.
58
R A Stuart 406/118.
59
R A Stuart 411/24.
60
R A Stuart 413/58.
61
S P Tuscany 68 ff.93,98.
62
Walpole Correspondence
, 22, p.90.
63
S P France 254 ff.12–13.
64
S P 105/315 ff.312–14;
Walpole Correspondence
, 22, p.255.
65
R A Stuart 409/52.
66
R A Stuart 409/159.
67
R A Stuart 414/88,168. This ploy was sometimes combined, illogically, with the argument that the prince was not safe at Bouillon (R A Stuart 414/102).
68
R A Stuart 412/14; 414/2. After being initially refused all access to the prince, Caryll had an interview with Thibault at Bouillon in March 1762 (R A Stuart Box 1/521–7).
69
R A Stuart 413/111.
70
R A Stuart 4111/111.
71
La Tremouille,
Une Famille royaliste
, op. cit., p.71.
72
For Lady Webb and her correspondence with the prince see R A Stuart 412/180,187; 413/6.
73
R A Stuart 412/179.
74
R A Stuart 413/8,26.
75
R A Stuart 417/9.
76
R A Stuart 415/90.
77
Lady Webb’s comments are interesting in this respect: ‘I have knowledge enough to know that your preservation is a miracle of divine providence. You think you have, and it is true, a very good constitution, but you don’t eat enough to support it. The quantity of wine you drink continally heats your blood to such a degree that the least inflammation would carry you off in a few hours. I observed once that the blood worked up and surrounded your neck; which frightened me to such a degree lest it should seize your head that I was ready to scream out in your presence’ (R A Stuart 427/82).
78
R A Stuart 430/106.
79
Boswell,
Life of Johnson
, op. cit., v, p.196. Of course the reason is clear. As we have stressed before, because of the vast reservoir of
unconscious
guilt, the prince’s mind could not allow him to absorb the
conscious
guilt for the post-Culloden sufferings.
80
Walpole Correspondence
, 7, pp.274–5.
81
R A Stuart 420/47.
82
Ibid
.
83
R A Stuart 422/60; 425/101; 428/135–6,199; 429/13.
84
R A Stuart 429/14.
85
R A Stuart 420/213.
86
R A Stuart 421/1.
87
R A Stuart Box 1/535.
88
R A Stuart 421/61.
89
R A Stuart 421/37.
90
R A Stuart 421/3.
91
R A Stuart 420/213A.
1
R A Stuart 429/47.
2
R A Stuart 427/118; 428/59.
3
R A Stuart 424/71.
4
R A Stuart 425/86.
5
R A Stuart 425/117.
6
R A Stuart 426/38.
7
R A Stuart 426/63,109.
8
R A Stuart 426/110.
9
R A Stuart 427/64; 429/7.
10
R A Stuart 429/32.
11
R A Stuart 429/99.
12
R A Stuart 429/132.
13
R A Stuart 429/162.
14
R A Stuart 429/179.
15
Matthias Buschkuhl,
Great Britain and the Holy See 1746–1870
(Dublin, 1982), pp.17–18.
16
A S V Inghilterra 25 f.73; A S V Principi 254 f.8.
17
A S V Principi 233 ff.343–8,353,358.
18
A S V Principi 233 ff.367–70.
19
A S V Inghilterra 25 ff.68–9; A S V Principi 233 f.258.
20
Benedict to Tencin, 11 November 1750, Morelli, ii, p.329.
21
Same to same, 23 December 1750, 3 February 1751, Morelli, ii, pp.341,354.
22
Benedict to Tencin, 26 July 1752, Morelli, p.495.
23
Benedict to Tencin, 6 November 1754,
Heeckeren
,
Benoit-Tencin
, op. cit., ii, p.370.
24
Same to same, 18 July 1753, Heeckeren, ii, p.279.
25
Same to same, 19 November 1755, Heeckeren, ii, p.455.
26
R A Stuart 381/119,153.
27
R A Stuart 382/50.
28
R A Stuart 383/107; 385/119.
29
R A Stuart 385/137.
30
R A Stuart 402/62.
31
R A Stuart 415/153.
32
R A Stuart 415/157.
33
R A Stuart 416/92.
34
R A Stuart 418/85.
35
R A Stuart 429/22.
36
R A Stuart 429/89.
37
A S V Instrumenta Miscellanea 7596 f.1; Biblioteca Angelica MS 2293 f.151; Add. MSS 34,638 f.293.
38
A S V Instrumenta Miscellanea 7596 f.1; Add. MSS 34,638 f.296.
39
R A Stuart 429/162.
40
S P Tuscany 70 f.188.
41
A S V Inghilterra 25 ff.179–80; Biblioteca Angelica MS 2293 f.151.
42
A S V Inghilterra 25 f.180; Biblioteca Angelica MS 2293 f.153.
43
S P Tuscany 71 ff.63–4.
44
Biblioteca Angelica MS 2293 ff.156–7.
45
Ibid
. f.155; A S V Inghilterra 25 ff.180–1.
46
R A Stuart 430/42.
47
R A Stuart 429/143,145,160.
48
R A Stuart 430/80.
49
R A Stuart 431/104–5,118.
50
R A Stuart 431/42.
51
R A Stuart 431/114.
52
R A Stuart 430/170,178; 431/7.
53
R A Stuart 431/24–5.
54
R A Stuart 431/82.
55
Memoirs of Lumisden and Strange
, op. cit., ii, pp.77–9.
56
R A Stuart 432/18.
57
A S V Instrumenta Miscellanea 7596 ff.2–10; A S V Inghilterra 25 ff.161–77.
58
Biblioteca Angelica MS 2293 ff.194–5.
59
Memoirs of Lumisden and Strange
, ii, pp.82–3.
60
Henri-Joseph Bouchard d’Esparber de Lussan, marquis d’Aubeterre (1714–88), had been French ambassador in Spain from 1757 to 1763. From 1763 to 1769 he served in the same capacity in Rome (Du Deffand, op. cit., ii, p.244).
61
Memoirs of Lumisden and Strange
, ii, p.84.
62
S P Tuscany 71 ff.63–4.
63
A S V Inghilterra 25 ff.182–5.
64
Biblioteca Angelica MS 2293 f.159.
65
Memoirs of Lumisden and Strange
, ii, pp.80–1.
66
For Alessandro Albani’s spying activities at this time see S P Tuscany 71 f.18; S P 105/317 f.29.
67
Biblioteca Angelica MS 2293 f.161.
68
S P Tuscany 71 ff.33–45.
69
A S V Inghilterra 25 f.102.
70
A S V Inghilterra 25 ff.194–200.
71
Biblioteca Angelica MS 2293 f.162.
72
A S V Inghilterra 21 ff.76–7.
73
Biblioteca Angelica MS 2293 f.171.
74
Ibid
., f.172.
75
A S V Inghilterra 21 ff.76–91.
76
Walpole Correspondence
, 22, p.386. This was in fact one of the options being considered by Mann at the time.
77
A S V Inghilterra 25 f.99.
78
Biblioteca Angelica MS 2293 ff.174–6.
79
Ibid
., ff.176–7.
80
A S V Inghilterra 25 f.101.
81
Ibid
.
82
Biblioteca Angelica MS 2293 f.173.
83
Ibid
., ff.163–4.
84
A S V Inghilterra 25 f.99.
85
Mann had earlier raised this exact point (
Walpole Correspondence
, 22, p.384).
86
The duke of Richmond was already trying to discredit Aubeterre with the duc de Praslin (H M C, Bathurst, pp.691–2).
87
H M C, III, p.130.
88
Biblioteca Angelica MS 2293 f.161.
89
A S V, Instrumenta Miscellanea 7596 f.10. Cf. also Instrumenta Miscellanea 6680.
90
R A Stuart 431/82.
91
Memoirs of Strange and Lumisden
, ii, p.87.
92
R A Stuart 433/27.
93
Memoirs of Strange and Lumisden
, ii, pp.88–90.
94
S P 105/317 f.44.
95
Ibid
., f.48.
96
R A Stuart 433/123.
97
Memoirs of Strange and Lumisden
, ii, pp.74–6.
98
R A Stuart 433/158.
99
Memoirs of Strange and Lumisden
, ii, p.86.
100
R A Stuart 433/28,117,119.
101
Walpole Correspondence
, 22, p.399.
102
Doran,
Mann and Manners
, op. cit., ii, pp. 164–5.
103
For details of the abortive Serrant mission see La Tremoille,
Une Famille royaliste
, op. cit., pp.72–6. Cf. also R A Stuart 433/195,198; 434/12,42,84,116,
104
Walpole attributed this to the spectre of 1759: ‘The Pope dare not acknowledge the Pretender while Mr Pitt lives’ (
Walpole Correspondence
, 30, p.216).
105
Mann and Manners
, op. cit., ii, p.162.
106
Mahon,
Last Stuarts
, op. cit., p.26.
107
S P 105/317 ff.59,61.
108
Walpole Correspondence
, 22, pp.392–3;
Mann and Manners
, ii, p.163.
109
For Orsini see Friedrich Hausman, ed.,
Repertorium der Diplomatischen Vertreter aller Lander
(Zurich, 1950), ii, p.239.
110
S P 105/317 f.57.
111
R A Stuart 434/197; Mahon,
Last Stuarts
, p.31.
112
Walpole Correspondence
, 22, pp.392–3.
113
Mahon,
Last Stuarts
, p.31.
114
Walpole Correspondence
, 22, p.408.
1
James’s will, signed on 21 November 1760, is at A S V Inghilterra 25 ff.109–12. The king later tried to simplify some of the provisions of his will in a codicil dated 26 May 1762 (A S V Inghilterra 25 ff.28–9).
2
A S V Inghilterra 25 f.110.
3
The Sempills knew the right cards to play. After condoling with the prince on the death of James, the new Lord Sempill (Francis, the prince’s
bête noire
, had died in 1748) claimed that his family had suffered financial hardship because of the enmity of the Lismores (O’Briens) and Tencin – just the right mixture to evoke a sympathetic response from the prince had he really possessed a fortune (A E M D Angleterre 93 ff.153,163–4).
4
For Mann’s exaggerated estimate of the prince’s wealth see
Walpole Correspondence
, 22, pp.385,387. But Lumisden estimated that when debts and annuities were paid, Charles Edward’s yearly income was no more than three thousand English guineas (
Memoirs of Strange and Lumisden
, ii, p.104).
5
R A Stuart 433/130.
6
Memoirs of Strange and Lumisden
, ii, p.102.
7
Ibid
., pp.103–4.
8
Ibid
., p.93.
9
Mahon,
Last Stuarts
, op. cit., p.33.
10
R A Stuart 434/71.
11
R A Stuart 433/130; 434/2.
12
R A Stuart 434/11.
13
Ibid
.
14
R A Stuart 435/43.
15
For confirmation see Serrant’s reports from Paris (R A Stuart 435/182; 437/84).
16
R A Stuart 433/201.
17
R A Stuart 434/188; 435/6,31,56.
18
R A Stuart 435/29,31,56,75; 436/168.
19
R A Stuart 436/90.
20
R A Stuart 436/31.
21
R A Stuart 437/92.
22
‘Deprived by the cruelty of this government of the pleasure of society, ’tis the same to His Majesty whether he is here or at Rome. He says that he is like one on shipboard; he converses only with his own little crew’ (
Memoirs of Strange and Lumisden
, ii, p.97).
23
R A Stuart 437/59.
24
R A Stuart 437/59,102,112.
25
R A Stuart 437/172.
26
Memoirs of Strange and Lumisden
, ii, p.97; R A Stuart 437/94.
27
La Tremoille,
Une Famille royaliste
, p.77.
28
Memoirs of Strange and Lumisden
, p.98; R A Stuart 438/87.
29
R A Stuart 438/122.
30
R A Stuart 439/58.
31
R A Stuart 439/84.
32
Memoirs of Strange and Lumisden
, ii, p.98.
33
Doran,
Mann and Manners
, ii, p. 174.
34
H M C, III, pp.137–8.
35
L M
, iii, p.222.
36
H M C, III, p.421.
37
R A Stuart 440/155.
38
R A Stuart Box 1/549.
39
A D, Nancy, H.77 (August 1767).
40
R A Stuart 442/17,36; 443/8.
41
H M C, III, p.421.
42
Memoirs of Strange and Lumisden
, ii, pp.106,109.
43
A E M D Angleterre, 93 f.155.
44
Memoirs of Strange and Lumisden
, ii, p.107.
45
In November 1766 Charles Edward was reported by Mann to have ‘committed in the last week some great outrages against some of his own people in a drunken fit, by drawing his sword and pursuing them, so that they narrowly escaped being killed’ (Mahon,
Last Stuarts
, p.34).
46
Memoirs of Strange and Lumisden
, ii, pp.109–10.
47
R A Stuart 442/140.
48
L M
, iii, p.224.
49
R A Stuart 445/116.
50
L M
, iii, pp.222–3.
51
Memoirs of Strange and Lumisden
, ii, pp.111–13.
52
Ibid
., pp.119–20.
53
Ibid
., p.119. However, as Lumisden said: ‘But how is it possible to conceal what has been seen by so many?’
54
L M
, iii, p.232.
55
Thomas W. Copeland, ed.,
Correspondence of Edmund Burke
, 10 vols (Cambridge and Chicago, 1978), ii, p.283.
56
R A Stuart 446/187.
57
L M
, iii, p.234; Mahon,
Last Stuarts
, pp.34–5.
58
R A Stuart 446/188. The prince’s closing remarks seem particularly hypocritical. Claiming that he would now be king of England if he had rejected Catholicism, he went on: ‘it was proposed to me several times and thank God I always rejected it’(!!!).
59
R A Stuart 447/9,15.
60
‘For God’s sake, dear brother, reflect seriously on all this and at least in the meanwhile do not put your foot in Rome, for that would blow up everything’ (R A Stuart 447/20).
61
R A Stuart 447/9,20.
62
See the snobbishness evinced by Dunbar on the new Pope: ‘His low birth and education give me pain’ (R A Stuart 447/40).
63
Mahon,
Last Stuarts
, pp.35–6.
64
R A Stuart 447/40.
65
Mahon,
Last Stuarts
, p.36.
66
R A Stuart 447/182.
67
R A Stuart 448/113.
68
R A Stuart 448/107.
69
How bad the situation was can be inferred from the fact that in 1768 the prince ceased to take the English newspapers for reasons of economy. When Lord Caryll took over Lumisden’s duties, he received board and lodging only (
Memoirs of Strange and Lumisden
, ii, p.105).
70
R A Stuart 449/5.
71
R A Stuart 449/95,142.
72
R A Stuart 450/33; 451/99.
73
L M
, iii, p.223.
74
R A Stuart 449/139–41. Princess Maria Anna Sapieha (born 1728) was the second wife of Prince Johann Cajetan Jablonowski and sister-in-law of the Princesse de Talmont. She was also distantly related to Charles Edward through the Sobieskis, since her husband was grand-nephew of King John Sobieski’s wife.
75
R A Stuart 450/110.
76
R A Stuart 450/144.
77
R A Stuart 450/150; S P Tuscany 75 f.108.
78
S P Tuscany 75 f.108.
79
Walpole Correspondence
, 23, pp.225–6.
80
There were also four servants out of livery, two ordinary footmen and two ancillary footmen (S P Tuscany 75 f.124).
81
S P Tuscany 75 f.140.
82
Mahon,
Last Stuarts
, p.39.
83
R A Stuart 450/160,167.
84
R A Stuart 450/204.
85
S P 105/320 f.213.
86
Mahon,
Last Stuarts
, pp.39–40.
87
R A Stuart 451/13.
88
R A Stuart 451/196.
89
R A Stuart 451/99.
90
Giulini G. Sepegni, ed.,
Carteggio di Pietro e Alessandro Verri
(Milan, 1926), v, pp.46–8.
91
Lady Anne Miller,
Letters from Italy
, 3 vols (1776), ii, pp.194–8.
92
Ibid
., p. 199.
93
Ibid
., p. 198.