By All Means Necessary (36 page)

61
. Mohamed Hassan, “PNG's Ramu NiCo Mine: An Environmental Time Bomb?” Pacific Scoop, November 8, 2012,
http://pacific.scoop.co.nz/2012/11/pngs-ramu-nico-mine-an-environmental-time-bomb/
.

62
. “Minister Orders MCC to Stop Work at Ramu Mine, ” PNG Mine Watch, April 5, 2012,
http://ramumine.wordpress.com/2012/04/05/minister-orders-mcc-to-stop-work-at-ramu-mine/
.

63
. Papua New Guinea National Court of Justice, “WS NO 1192 of 2010, ” 2011,
http://ramumine.files.wordpress.com/2011/07/medaing-v-mcc-the-state-iamo.pdf
; and “Mine Tailings: A Christmas Present For Raikos People, ” PNG Mine Watch, December 24, 2011,
http://ramumine.wordpress.com/2011/12/24/mine-tailings-a-christmas-present-for-raikos-people/
.

64
. Carlos H. Conde, “Philippines Suspends Chinese-funded Projects in Wake of Scandal, ”
New York Times
, September 25, 2007.

65
. J. M. Anthorpe, “China's Global Hunt for Food Security, ”
Vancouver Sun
, Feburary 3, 2010,
http://www.canada.com/vancouversun/news/editorial/story.html?id=335af985-b78f-4e7b-b8ba-ae179890d64d
.

66
. Robin Paxton, “Kazakh Opposition Calls for Halt to China Expansion, ”
Reuters
, May 28, 2011.

67
. Author interview with Ministry of Agriculture officials, Brasilia, Brazil, March 27, 2013.

68
. Author discussions with business roundtable, Sao Paolo, Brazil, March 28, 2013.

69
. “New Agricultural Agreement in Argentina: A Land Grabber's ‘Instruction Manual, '”
GRAIN.org
, January 27, 2011,
http://www.grain.org/article/entries/4139-new-agricultural-agreement-in-argentina-a-land-grabber-s-instruction-manual
.

70
. Mia De Graaf, “Limiting Foreign Land Ownership: A Law in the Making, ”
Argentinian Independent
, September 28, 2010,
http://www.argentinaindependent.com/currentaffairs/newsfromargentina/limiting-foreign-land-ownership-a-law-in-the-making/
.

71
. Shuping Niu, “China Overseas Food Push Not Realistic, ”
Reuters
, May 9, 2008,
http://uk.reuters.com/article/2008/05/09/uk-china-food-overseas-interview-idUKPEK12378520080509
.

72
. Lu Chang, “A Lot on the Plate, ”
China Daily
, March 31, 2012,
www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2012-03/31/content_14956810_3.htm
.

73
. Michael Bristow, “China in Africa: Developing Ties, ”
BBC News
, November 29, 2007,
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7118941.stm
.

74
. “Buying Farmland Abroad: Outsourcing's Third Wave, ”
Economist
, May 21, 2009; and Deborah Brautigam, “China in Africa: Seven Myths, ” Real Institutu Elcano, August 2, 2011,
http://www.realinstitutoelcano.org/wps/portal/rielcano_eng/Content?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=/elcano/elcano_in/zonas_in/ari23-2011
.

75
. Chen and Zhou, “Social Responsibility.”

76
. Smith, “Slave Labour?”

77
. Johanna Jansson, Christopher Burke, and Wenran Jiang, “Chinese Companies in the Extractive Industries of Gabon & the DRC: Perceptions of Transparency, ” Centre for Chinese Studies, August 2009.

78
. Qingfen Ding, “Companies Still Drawn to Peru, Despite Obstacles, ”
China Daily
, December 11, 2012,
http://europe.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2012-12/11/content_16004359.htm
.

79
. Simon Romero, “Tensions over Chinese Mining Venture in Peru, ”
New York Times
, August 14, 2010.

80
. Lucien O. Chauvin, “Hierro Peru: China's Footprint in the Andes, ” China Dialogue, December 1, 2006,
https://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/595-Hierro-Peru-China-s-footprint-in-the-Andes
; and Kotschwar et al., “Do Chinese Mining Companies Exploit More?”.

81
. Amos Irwin and Kevin P. Gallagher, “Chinese Investment in Peru: A Comparative Analysis, ” Working Group on Development and Environment in the Americas, 34 (December 2012), 20.

82
. Ibid., 21.

83
. Kotschwar et al., “Do Chinese Mining Companies Exploit More?”; and David Caploe, “Peru Mine Conflict: Problem for China
Commodity Strategy, ” EconomyWatch.com, September 1, 2010,
http://www.economywatch.com/economy-business-and-finance-news/peru-mine-conflict-problem-for-china-commodity-strategy-01-09.html
.

84
. Irwin and Gallagher, “Chinese Investment in Peru.”

85
. “Shougang Resumes Peru Iron Ore Mine Operations, ”
Bloomberg
, April 18, 2007,
http://www.chinamining.org/Investment/2007-04-18/1176865882d4777.html
.

86
. Alex Emery, “Shougang's Peruvian Unit Declares Iron-Ore Force Majeure on Labor Strike, ”
Bloomberg
, July 5, 2010.

87
. “Update 1-Shougang Hierro Peru Workers to Strike on Aug 31, ”
Reuters
, August 24, 2011; and Ryan Dube, “Peru Union Starts Strike at Shougang Iron Mine, ”
Wall Street Journal Market Watch
, October 9, 2012.

88
. “China on Track to Invest US$5.24 Billion in Peru's Mining Sector, ” SinoLatinCapital.com, April 5, 2012,
http://www.sinolatincapital.cn/show_newsletter_news.asp?id=903&n_id=
.

89
. “Latin America's Best Companies, ” LatinTrade.com, November 23, 2011,
http://latintrade.com/2011/11/latin-america%E2%80%99s-best-companies
.

90
. “Country Guidelines for Foreign Investment: Peru [Duiwai Touzi Hezuo Guobie (Dichu) Zhinan: Bilu], ” Department of Outward Investment and Economic Cooperation at China's Ministry of Finance, 2011.

91
. Irwin and Gallagher, “Chinese Investment in Peru, ” 14.

92
. Ibid., 12–13.

93
. Author interview with civil society researcher, Lusaka, Zambia, January 2013.

94
. Author interview with former nickel mine worker, Lusaka, January 2013.

95
. Author interview with Joaquim Chissano, Maputo, Mozambique, January 2013.

96
. Lucy Corkin, “China and Angola: Strategic Partnership or Marriage of Convenience?”
Angola Brief
1, no. 1 (January 2011): 2.

97
. Author interview with Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs officials, November 2012.

98
. Author interview with transparency expert, Maputo, Mozambique, January 2013.

99
. Smith, “Slave Labour?”

100
. “Project Conflict Between China and Vietnam, ” Asia Economic Institute,
http://www.asiaecon.org/special_articles/read_sp/12915
.

101
. Scott Pegg, “Social Responsibility and Resource Extraction: Are Chinese Oil Companies Different?”
Resources Policy
37, no. 2 (June 2012): 164–165.

102
. Deborah Brautigam and Xiaoyang Tang, “Economic Statecraft in China's New Overseas Special Economic Zones, ” IFPRI Discussion Paper, no. 01168 (March 2012): 8–9.

103
. Ibid., 16.

104
. Ana Cristina Alves, “Chinese Economic and Trade Co-operation Zones in Africa: Facing the Challenges, ” SAIIA Policy Briefing no. 51 (June 2012): 2–3.

105
. Jin Zhu, “Program to Improve Africa's Agriculture, ”
China Daily
, November 13, 2012,
http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2012-11/13/content_15923701.htm
.

106
. Linda Nordling, “Africa Analysis: Directing Technology Transfer from China, ” SciDev.net, February 8, 2012.

1
. “Issue 83: March 21, 2013, ” China Media Bulletin, March 21, 2013,
http://www.freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/83_032113.pdf
.

2
. “Social Security Top Concern Ahead of ‘Two Sessions, '”
Xinhua
, February 20, 2013,
http://english.people.com.cn/90882/8137040.html
.

3
. Ma and Xin, “A Study of CSR Development.”

4
. Stephan Rothlin, “Towards a Socially Responsible China: A Preliminary Investigation of the Implementation of the Global Compact, ”
Journal of International Business Ethics
3, no. 1 (2010): 4–5.

5
. United Nations, “United Nations Global Compact Annual Review 2010, ”
http://www.unglobalcompact.org/docs/news_events/8.1/UN_Global_Compact_Annual_Review_2010.pdf
.

6
. Ma and Xin, “A Study of CSR Development.”

7
. Nathalie Bernasconi-Osterwalder, Lise Johnson, and Jianping Zhang, eds.,
Chinese Outward Investment: An Emerging Policy Framework
(Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada: International Institute for Sustainable Development, 2013), 168.

8
. Li-Wen Lin, “Corporate Social Responsibility in China: Window Dressing or Structural Change, ”
Berkeley Journal of International Law
28, no. 1 (2010): 77.

9
. Michael A. Levine, “China's CSR Expectations Mature, ”
China Business Review
, November–December 2008, 51–52,
www.secure-www.net/files/24063_levine2.pdf
.

10
. Peiyuan Guo, Dylan Meagher, Yanjing Wu, and Anna-Sterre Nette, “Transparency Matters: Disclosure of Payments to Governments by Chinese Extractive Companies, ” Global Witness and SynTao (January 2013): 14.

11
. “Emerging Best Practices of Chinese Globalizers: The Corporate Global Citizenship Challenge, ” World Economic Forum and Boston Consulting Group, 2012, 20.

12
. Jiufang Tang and Pengfei Li, “Corporate Social Responsibility and Firms Environmental Performance of Chinese Listed Companies, ”
International Journal of Computer Science Issues
10, no. 1 (January 2013): 777.

13
. Bernasconi-Osterwalder et al.,
Chinese Outward Investment
, 172–174.

14
. “‘Performance in 2010, ' CDB 2010 CSR Report.” As cited in note 50 in “China Development Bank's Overseas Investments: An Assessment of Environmental and Social Policies and Practices, ” Bank Track and Friends of the Earth, July 2012,
http://www.foe.org/system/storage/93/2b/2/2245/China_Development_Banks_overseas_investments_-_An_assessment_of_environmental_and_social_policies_and_practices.pdf
.

15
. “The Export-Import Bank of China Company Profile Report, ” Hoovers,
www.hoovers.com/company-information/cs/company-profile.The_Export-IMport_Bank_of_china.4f1a9005b57ad9ca.html
, 18.

16
. Bernasconi-Osterwalder et al.,
Chinese Outward Investment
, 176.

17
. “The New Great Walls: A Guide to China's Overseas Dam Industry, ” International Rivers, November 2012, 29.

18
. “China's Central SOEs Perform Well Abroad, ”
Xinhua
, February 22, 2011,
http://www.china.org.cn/business/2011-02/22/content_21979349.htm
.

19
. Xiaosheng Mi, “Challenges and Solutions of Chinese-funded Enterprises in Africa [Zai Fei Zhongzi Qiye De Tiaozhan Ji Duice], ” China.com.cn, June 7, 2012,
http://www.china.com.cn/international/txt/2012-06/07/content_25592566.htm
.

20
. Zhong Sheng, “Chinese Firms Must Tread Lightly When Investing Overseas, ”
People's Daily Online
, September 6, 2011,
http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90780/7590088.html
.

21
. “Beijing New-century Academy on Transnational Corporations, ” China CSR Map,
http://www.chinacsrmap.org/Org_Show_EN.asp?ID=754
.

22
. Author interview with Ministry of Commerce official, Beijing, June 21, 2013.

23
. Bernasconi-Osterwalder et al.,
Chinese Outward Investment
, 226.

24
. “Administrative Regulations on Contracting Foreign Projects, ” Order of the State Council No. 527, July 21, 2008,
http://www.cccc-3.com/en/jtxx_views.php?cid=70&id=703
.

25
. Peter Bosshard, “Chinese Loans Could Fuel Regional Conflict in East Africa, ” China Dialogue, January 14, 2013,
www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/5601-chinese-loans-could-fuel-regional-conflict-in-east-africa
.

26
. Ibid.

27
. Simon Zadek, Maya Forstater, and Kelly Yu, “Corporate Responsibility and Sustainable Economic Development in China: Implications for Business, ” U.S. Chamber of Commerce, March 2012.

28
. The comparison included Chinalco, CNMC, Shougang, Shenhua Group, Minmetals, China Coal Energy, and China National Gold Group and compared them across fifteen variables: UN global compact membership, GRI membership, publication of a CSR report, listing on a stock exchange, ISO 26000 adherence, ISO 14000 adherence, CASS-CSR2.0 adherence, COD reduction, investment in workplace safety, fatality rate per million tons of raw coal production, number of employees killed, total social donation, investment in environmental protection, and SO2 reduction.

29
. Approximately 150 Chinese companies use the international Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) guidelines for corporate social responsibility. The GRI, which was founded in the United States in 1997, promotes economic, environmental, and social sustainability and provides companies with comprehensive sustainability reporting guidance. Its office in Beijing is one of only five worldwide. The Global Reporting Initiative's detailed framework, which encourages greater organizational transparency and accountability and lays out performance indicators, may indicate why it is not more widely adopted in China. It is commonly implemented elsewhere, including in the United States. Carlos Noronha, Si Tou, M. I. Cynthia, and Jenny J. Guan, “Corporate Social Responsibility Reporting in China: An Overview and Comparison with Major Trends, ”
Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management
20, no. 1 (2013): 29–42.