Authors: Robert J Sawyer
“Well, one presumes so, yes. They haven’t been caught yet.”
“No smoking gun,” said Hollus.
I smiled. “Exactly.”
“But if they are, as you suspect, religious people, why is that relevant?”
“Blowing up an abortion clinic is an attempt to protest a perceived moral outrage.”
“And . . . ?” said Hollus.
“Well, on Earth, the concept of God is inextricably linked to issues of morality.”
Hollus listened.
“In fact, three of our principal religions share the same Ten Commandments, supposedly handed down by God.”
Susan once quipped that the only piece of scripture I knew was the Lawgiver’s Twenty-ninth Scroll:
Beware the beast Man, for he is the devil’s pawn. Alone among God’s primates, he kills for sport, or lust, or greed. Yea, he will murder his brother to possess his brother’s land. Let him not breed in great numbers, for he will make a desert of his home and yours. Shun him. Drive him back into his jungle lair, for he is the harbinger of death.
It’s what Cornelius read to Taylor near the end of
Planet of the Apes.
Powerful words, and, like Dr. Zaius, I’ve always tried to live by their injunction. But Susan isn’t quite right. Back when I was a student at U of T, lo those many years ago, I occasionally audited classes by Northrop Frye, the great teacher of English; I also snuck into lectures given by Marshall McLuhan and Robertson Davies, the other two members of U of T’s internationally acclaimed humanities triumvirate. It was heady, listening to such staggering intellects. Frye contended that you could not appreciate English literature without knowing the Bible. Perhaps he was right; I’d once made it through about half the Old Testament and had skimmed the color-coded “actual words of Jesus” in a King James version I’d bought at the campus bookstore.
But, basically, what Susan said was true. I didn’t know the Bible well, and I didn’t know the Qur’an or any other holy book at all.
“And these Ten Commandments are?” asked Hollus.
“Umm, well, thou shalt not kill. Thou shalt not commit adultery. Thou shalt not . . . umm, something about an ass.”
“I see,” said Hollus. “But as far as we have been able to determine, the creator has never communicated directly with anyone. Indeed, the Wreeds—who, as you know, spend half their lives actively seeking such communication—claim no success. I am not sure how such commandments would be passed on to any lifeform.”
“Well, if I remember the movie correctly, God wrote them with a finger of fire on stone tablets.”
“There is a movie of this event? Would that not be your smoking gun?”
I smiled. “The movie is a drama, a story. The Ten Commandments were supposedly handed down thousands of years ago, but the movie was made about half a century ago.”
“Oh.”
“Still, many humans believe that they
are
in direct or indirect communication with God—that he listens to prayers. “They are delusional,” said Hollus. His eyestalks came to rest. “Forgive me,” he said. “I know you are dying. Have you been moved to pray?”
“No. But my wife Susan does.”
“Her prayers have not been answered.”
“No,” I said softly. “They haven’t.”
“How do members of your species reconcile the act of prayer with the reality that most prayers go unanswered?”
I shrugged a little. “We say things like ‘Everything happens for a reason.’”
“Ah, the Wreed philosophy,” said Hollus.
“My little boy asked me if I’d done something wrong—if that’s why I’d gotten cancer.”
“And
did
you do something wrong?”
“Well, I’ve never smoked, but I suppose my diet could have been better.”
“But did you do anything morally wrong? Those Ten Commandments you mentioned—did you break any of those?”
“To be honest, I don’t even know what all ten are. But I don’t think I’ve ever done anything horrible. I’ve never committed murder. I’ve never cheated on my wife. I’ve never stolen anything—at least not as an adult. I’ve never—” Thoughts of Gordon Small, and events of three decades past, came to mind. “Besides, I can’t believe a caring God would punish anyone, no matter what the transgression, with what I’m going through.”
“ ‘A caring God,”’ repeated Hollus. “I have also heard the phrases ‘a loving God,’ and ‘a compassionate God.’ ” His eye-stalks locked on me. “I think you humans apply too many adjectives to the creator.”
“But you’re the ones who believe that God has a purpose for us,” I said.
“I believe the creator may have a specific reason for wanting a universe that has life in it, and, indeed, as you say, for wanting multiple sentiences to emerge simultaneously. But it seems clear beyond dispute that the creator takes no interest in specific individuals.”
“And that’s the generally held opinion amongst members of your race?” I asked.
“Yes.”
“Then what is the source of Forhilnor morality? How do you tell right from wrong?”
Hollus paused, either searching for an answer or considering whether he wanted to answer at all. Finally, he said, “My race has a violent past,” he said, “not unlike your own. We are capable of feats of great savagery—indeed, we do not need weapons to easily kill another member of our own kind. The right things to do are those that keep our violence in abeyance; the wrong things are those that bring it to the fore.” He shifted his weight, redeploying his six feet. “Our race has not fought a war for three generations; since we have the capability to destroy our world, this is a good thing.”
“I wonder if violence is innate in all intelligent species,” I said. “Evolution is driven by struggles for dominance. I’ve heard it suggested that no herbivore could ever develop intelligence because it doesn’t take any cunning to sneak up on a leaf.”
“It does create an odd dynamic,” said Hollus. “Violence is required for intelligence, intelligence gives rise to the ability to destroy one’s species, and only through intelligence can one overcome the violence that gave rise to that intelligence.”
“We’d call that a Catch-22,” I said. “Maybe we create the idea of a caring God and morality to foster self-preservation. Perhaps any race that doesn’t have morality, that doesn’t suppress its violent urges in a desire to please a god, is doomed to destroy itself once it gets the technology to do so.”
“An interesting thought,” said Hollus. “Belief in God conferring a survival advantage. Evolution would then select for it.”
“Does your race still worry about destroying itself?” I asked.
Hollus bobbed, but I think it was a gesture of negation, not affirmation. “We have a unified planetary government, and much tolerance for diversity. We have eliminated hunger and want. There is little reason for us to come into conflict with each other anymore.”
“I wish I could say the same thing about my world,” I said. “Since this planet was fortunate enough to have life arise on it, it would be a shame to see it snuffed out because of our own stupidity.”
“Life did not arise here,” said Hollus.
“What?” I was completely lost.
“I do not believe that there was a biogenerative event in Earth’s past; I do not believe life began here.”
“You mean it drifted here from deep space? Fred Hoyle’s panspermia hypothesis?”
“Possibly. But I suspect it is more likely that it began relatively locally, on Sol IV.”
“Sol—you mean Mars?”
“Yes.”
“How would it get here from there?”
“On meteors.”
I frowned. “Well, there’ve been a couple of Martian meteorites found over the years that some said had fossils in them. But they’ve been pretty thoroughly discredited.”
“It would only take one.”
“I suppose. But why don’t you think life is native to this planet?”
“You said you thought life had emerged on this world as much as four billion years ago. But that early in your solar system’s history, this planet was still routinely undergoing extinction-level impact events, as large comets and asteroids frequently slammed into it. It is extremely unlikely that conditions suitable for life could have been maintained during that period.”
“Well, Mars is no older than Earth, and surely it was undergoing bombardment, too.”
“Oh, doubtless so,” said Hollus. “But although Mars clearly had running water in its past—its surface today is really quite impressive to stand upon; the erosion features are incredible—it never had large or deep oceans like those here on Earth. If an asteroid hits land, heat from the impact might raise temperatures for a matter of months. But if it hits water, which, after all, covers most of Earth’s surface now as well as billions of years ago, the heat would be retained, raising the planet’s temperature for decades or even centuries. Mars would have had a stable environment for the development of life perhaps as much as half a billion years before Earth did.”
“And then some of it was transferred here, on meteors?”
“Exactly. About one thirty-sixth of all the material that gets knocked off Mars by meteor impacts should eventually be swept up by Earth, and many forms of microbes can survive freezing. It neatly explains why full-fledged life is recorded in the oldest rocks here, even though the environment was too volatile for it to develop domestically.”
“Wow,” I said, well aware that my response wasn’t adequate. “I suppose one meteor with life on it might have made it here. After all, every lifeform on this planet shares a single common ancestor.”
Hollus sounded astonished. “All life on this planet shares one common ancestor?”
“Of course.”
“How do you know that?”
“We compare the genetic material of different lifeforms, and, judging by how much it diverges, we can tell how long ago they had an ancestor in common. For instance, you’ve seen Old George, the stuffed chimpanzee we have in the Budongo Rain Forest diorama?”
“Yes.”
“Well, humans and chimps differ genetically by only 1.4 percent.”
“If you will forgive me for saying so, it does not seem right to stuff and display so close a relative.”
“We don’t do that anymore,” I said. “That mount is more than eighty years old.” I decided not to mention the stuffed Australian aborigine they used to have on display at the American Museum of Natural History. “In fact, it’s largely through genetic studies that the concept of ape rights gained credence.”
“And such studies show all life on this planet to have a common ancestor?”
“Of course.”
“Incredible. On both Beta Hydri and Delta Pavonis, we believe there were multiple biogenerative events. Life on my world, for instance, arose at least six times during an initial 300-million-year period.” He paused. “What is the highest level in your hierarchical biological classification system?”
“Kingdom,” I said. “We generally recognize five: Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Monera, and Protista.”
“Animalia are the animals? And Plantae the plants?”
“Yes.”
“All animals are grouped together? Likewise all plants?”
“Yes.”
“Fascinating.” His spherical torso bobbed deeply. “On my world, we have a level above that, consisting of the six—well, ‘domains’ might be an appropriate translation—the six domains from the six separate creation events; separate kinds of animals and plants exist in each. For instance, our pentapeds and octopeds are, in fact, completely unrelated; cladistic studies have demonstrated that they share no common ancestor.”
“Really? Still, you should be able to use the DNA technique I described to determine evolutionary relationships amongst members of the same domain.”
“The domains have commingled over the eons,” Hollus said. “The genome of my own species contains genetic material from all six domains.”
“How is that possible? As you said about Spock, the idea of members of different species—even from the same domain—having offspring is ludicrous.”
“We believe viruses played a substantial role over millions of years in moving genetic material across domain boundaries.”
I thought about that. It had been suggested on Earth that unnecessary material transferred into lifeforms by viruses accounted for much of the junk DNA—the ninety percent of the human genome that did not code for protein synthesis. And, of course, geneticists today were deliberately transferring cow genes into potatoes and so on.
“All six domains are based on DNA?” I asked.
“As I have said, every complex lifeform that we have discovered is based on DNA,” said Hollus. “But with DNA crossing domains throughout our history, the kind of comparative study you suggest is not something we have had much success with. Animals that are clearly very closely related, based on the gross details of body form, may have significant recent intrusions of new DNA from another domain, which would make the percentage of deviation between the two species deceptively large.”
“Interesting,” I said. A thought occurred to me, too crazy to voice out loud. If, as Hollus said, DNA was universally used in all lifeforms, and the genetic code was the same everywhere, and lifeforms even from different domains could incorporate each other’s DNA, then why couldn’t lifeforms from different
worlds
do the same thing?
Maybe Spock wasn’t so improbable after all.
18
It wasn’t yet Sunday night, but J. D. Ewell and Cooter Falsey visited the ROM anyway, to familiarize themselves with the museum’s layout.
“Nine dollars to get in!” exclaimed Falsey once they’d crossed through the Rotunda to the admissions desk, and he’d had a chance to consult the appropriate sign.
“They’re just
Canadian
dollars,” said Ewell. “It’s like a buck and a half U.S.” He reached into his wallet and pulled out two of the garish purple Canadian ten-dollar bills he’d gotten as change from his U.S. fifty for last night’s dinner at the Red Lobster. He gave them to the middle-aged woman behind the desk, and she handed him back a receipt, a two-toned two-dollar Canadian coin, and two rectangular plastic clips that said “ROM” on them, with a little crown above the central “O.” Ewell stared at them.