Churchill's Secret War (53 page)

28
Cherwell Papers H130/6; Barnes and Nicholson,
The Empire at Bay
, 835; Mansergh,
The Transfer of Power
, Vol. IV, 594.

29
Cherwell Papers H123/10, H124/4, H125/10, and H132/6,7,8; Singh, “Imperial Defence and the Transfer of Power in India,” 569.

30
Cherwell Papers H127/1,2,29,35 and H128/4,7.

31
Wilson,
Churchill and the Prof
, 180, 228(endnote 16).

32
Cherwell Papers H136/15–19 and H129/1–4.

33
Cherwell Papers H128/12.

34
Mansergh,
The Transfer of Power
, Vol. IV, 465, 470.

35
Cherwell Papers H290/10.

36
Churchill’s biographers believe that Savrola was endowed with traits, such as valor and wisdom, to which the youthful author himself aspired: his opinions were Churchill’s own. See Churchill,
Savrola
, 81–82; Caldwell, “Malthus and the Less Developed World,” 683; quoted in Ponting,
Churchill
, 24; Taylor et al.,
Churchill
, 219–222.

37
Ghose, “Food Supply and Starvation,” 376.

38
Barnes and Nicholson,
The Empire at Bay
, 950.

39
Danchev and Todman,
War Diaries
, 516; quoted in Roberts,
Hitler and Churchill
, 122; quoted in Gilbert,
Churchill and America
, 226; Churchill,
India
, 84; Gilbert,
The Churchill War Papers
, Vol. II, 337.

40
Mansergh,
The Transfer of Power
, Vol. IV, 465–466; MT 59/631, From Canada (Govt.) to D.O., November 13, 1943; MT 59/631, copy of note signed D. Gibbs, November 3, 1943; Barnes and Nicholson,
The Empire at Bay
, 951.

41
MT 59/637, “India and Ceylon Cereals Requirements”; Cherwell Papers F247/15.

42
Stone, “The Indian Skeleton at Atlantic City,” 686–687.

43
Venkataramani,
Bengal Famine of 1943
, 43, 47–52.

44
Hess,
America Encounters India
, 134.

45
Cherwell Papers H291/11.

46
Behrens,
Merchant Shipping and the Demands of War
, 325; Hancock,
Statistical Digest of the War
, 167; Cherwell Papers, H137/20; Hancock and Gowing,
British War Economy
, 436.

47
Hammond,
Food
, Vol. I, 159–160; Hancock and Gowing,
British War Economy
, 436; Churchill,
The Second World War: Closing the Ring
, 151.

48
Hammond,
Food
, Vol. III, 544–545, 481.

49
Mansergh,
The Transfer of Power
, Vol. IV, 418.

50
CAB 195/2, W.M. (43) 2nd Meeting, 47; Cherwell Papers, H307/1.

51
Louis,
Imperialism at Bay
, 283.

52
Louis,
In the Name of God
, 285.

53
Dilks,
The Diaries of Sir Alexander Cadogan
, 582.

54
MT 59/631, “Canadian Wheat for India,” December 17, 1943; Barnes and Nicholson,
The Empire at Bay
, 957.

55
Mansergh,
The Transfer of Power
, Vol. IV, 678. The army alone needed 250,000 tons for six months.

56
Danchev and Todman,
War Diaries
, 451.

57
Ibid., 458–459.

58
Ibid., xvi.

59
Quoted in Jablonsky,
Churchill, The Great Game and Total War
, 92; West,
The Larger Evils
, 87.

60
Quoted in James,
Churchill
, 379; Moran,
Churchill: The Struggle for Survival
, 321; Barnes and Nicholson,
The Empire at Bay
, 758, 953.

61
Moran,
Churchill: The Struggle for Survival
, 778–779; Snow,
Science and Government
, 65, 63.

62
Snow,
Science and Government
, 12; Harrod,
The Prof
, 80, 73, 77.

63
Cherwell Papers F29/33.

64
Harrod,
The Prof
, 78. As late as October 1937, Cherwell remained fascinated by the possibility of creating “Sub men or supermen.” See Cherwell Papers, E39/1–13.

65
Cherwell Papers E1/3–6 and E2/1–11.

66
Weinberg,
Hitler’s Second Book
, 20; quoted in Kiernan,
Blood and Soil
, 47.

67
Orwell,
1984
, 203.

1
Sinha and Khera,
Indian War Economy
, 54; Mansergh,
The Transfer of Power
, Vol. IV, 475–476, 679, 558, 590.

2
Cherwell Papers H291/2; Mansergh,
The Transfer of Power
, Vol. IV, 695.

3
Mansergh,
The Transfer of Power
, Vol. IV, 701–702, 706–707, 719.

4
Ibid., 734–735, 741, 744, 750.

5
Santhanam,
The Cry of Distress
, 34.

6
Sinha and Khera,
Indian War Economy
, 286, 288, 290, 420–421; Ghosh,
Famines in Bengal
, 46.

7
Moon,
Wavell
, 37; Sinha and Khera,
Indian War Economy
, 286.

8
Slim,
Defeat into Victory
, 186–192.

9
Ibid., 193; Fay,
The Forgotten Army
, 259. The original first stanza of the song:
Kadam kadam badaye ja/Khusi ke geet gaye ja/Ye zindagi hai kaum ki/Ye kaum pe lutaye ja.

10
Branson,
British Soldier in India
, 109–112.

11
Ibid., 113–114.

12
Ibid., 116–117.

13
Ibid., 118; Slim,
Defeat into Victory
, 191.

14
Sengupta,
Smritir Somoy Somoyer Smriti
, 45–46; Graham and Cole,
The Burma Campaign Memorial Library
, 101.

15
Fay,
The Forgotten Army
, 286–290.

16
Bayly and Harper,
Forgotten Armies
, 382.

17
Churchill,
The Second World War: Closing the Ring
, 496; Slim,
Defeat into Victory
, 443; Sinha and Khera,
Indian War Economy
, 286.

18
Fay,
The Forgotten Army
, 302–303.

19
Bayly and Harper,
Forgotten Armies
, 379.

20
Mansergh,
The Transfer of Power
, Vol. IV, 801(footnote), 808; Moon,
Wavell
, 59.

21
Cherwell Papers, H291/19, 24, 28; Mansergh,
The Transfer of Power
, Vol. IV, 776, 818.

22
Mansergh,
The Transfer of Power
, Vol. IV, 827; Cherwell Papers H291/28; Barnes and Nicholson,
The Empire at Bay
, 972.

23
Cherwell Papers, H291/30.

24
Cherwell Papers H292/2; Mansergh,
The Transfer of Power
, Vol. IV, 863–864; Barnes and Nicholson,
The Empire at Bay
, 976.

25
Mansergh,
The Transfer of Power
, Vol. IV, 925; Moon,
Wavell
, 81, 68; Cherwell Papers H292/2, 3.

26
Mansergh,
The Transfer of Power
, Vol. IV, 925; Cherwell Papers H292/4, 10, and F235/31.

27
Mansergh,
The Transfer of Power
, Vol. IV,1034, 900.

28
Barnes and Nicholson,
The Empire at Bay
, 979; Mansergh,
The Transfer of Power
, Vol. IV, 941, 939, 964.

29
Barnes and Nicholson,
The Empire at Bay
, 985; Mansergh,
The Transfer of Power
, Vol. IV, 999.

30
Barnes and Nicholson,
The Empire at Bay
, 987–988.

31
Mansergh,
The Transfer of Power
, Vol. IV, 1044; Barnes and Nicholson,
The Empire at Bay
, 989; Cherwell Papers H292/13.

32
Mansergh,
The Transfer of Power
, Vol. IV, 1045–1046, 1056.

33
Quoted in Read and Fisher,
The Proudest Day
, 346.

34
Moon,
Wavell
, 88; AMEL 1/6/21, File 1, Secretary of State’s Minute to Prime Minister, May 4, 1944; CHAR 20/165/43, May 27, 1944.

35
Mansergh,
The Transfer of Power
, Vol. IV, 962–963.

36
Moon,
Wavell
, 78; Barnes and Nicholson,
The Empire at Bay
, 988.

37
Mansergh,
The Transfer of Power
, Vol. IV, 1100, 1136–1138.

38
Barnes and Nicholson,
The Empire at Bay
, 992; Mansergh,
The Transfer of Power
, Vol. IV, 1152–1154, 1147.

39
CAB 66/52/48, “Report of Committee on Indian Financial Questions,” July 19, 1944; Barnes and Nicholson,
The Empire at Bay
, 992–993.

40
Cherwell Papers J68/20; Barnes and Nicholson,
The Empire at Bay
, 986.

41
Denney,
Macaulay’s Essay on Warren Hastings
, 36; quoted in Chakravarty,
The Raj Syndrome
, 127.

42
AMEL 1/6/34, “The Regeneration of India: Memorandum by the Prime Minister.”

43
Barnes and Nicholson,
The Empire at Bay
, 995.

44
Colville,
The Fringes of Power
, Vol. II, 139; Loewenheim, Langley, and Jonas,
Roosevelt and Churchill
, 74.

45
Quoted in Ponting,
Churchill
, 635; Sinha and Khera,
Indian War Economy
, 54.

46
Cherwell Papers, H126/1, 2, and H124/22.

47
Moon,
Wavell
, 93; Roy, “Military Loyalty,” 511; Mansergh,
The Transfer of Power
, Vol. V, 128.

48
MT 59/657, “Import of Food Grains into India,” January 1945.

1
Dhara,
Probaho
, 172–175. Bose did send small parties of INA operatives by submarine, but almost all were captured.

2
Ibid., 176.

3
Ibid., 176–179.

4
Ibid., 182–184.

5
Quoted in Read and Fisher,
The Proudest Day
, 350; Mansergh,
The Transfer of Power
, Vol. II, 106.

6
Moon,
Wavell
, 91.

7
Mansergh,
The Transfer of Power
, Vol. V, 81–82, 258, 371, 375.

8
Moon,
Wavell
, 111.

9
Ibid., 108.

10
Ibid., 260–261, 368, 236; Schofield,
Wavell: Soldier & Statesman
,115.

11
Barnes and Nicholson,
The Empire at Bay
, 1023; Mansergh,
The Transfer of Power
, Vol. V, 130–131.

12
Barnes and Nicholson,
The Empire at Bay
, 1018.

13
Churchill and Gilbert,
Winston S. Churchill
, Vol. VII, 1166.

14
Nichols,
Verdict on India
, 15–17, 23, 36–39, 184, 188–189.

15
Ibid., 216–224.

16
Churchill and Gilbert,
Winston S. Churchill
, Vol. VII, 1166.

17
Berthon and Potts,
Warlords
, 268.

18
Sbrega, “The Anticolonial Policies of Franklin D. Roosevelt,” 76; Louis,
Imperialism at Bay
, 458–460.

19
Louis,
Imperialism at Bay
, 486.

20
Colville,
The Fringes of Power
, Vol. II, 203.

21
Barnes and Nicholson,
The Empire at Bay
, 1015; Mansergh,
The Transfer of Power
, Vol. V, 126, 1070.

22
Mansergh,
The Transfer of Power
, Vol. V, 765; Moon,
Wavell
, 120; Barnes and Nicholson,
The Empire at Bay
, 1031(footnote).

23
Moon,
Wavell
, 121–123.

24
Louis,
Imperialism at Bay
, 509–510.

25
Venkataramani and Shrivastava,
Roosevelt Gandhi Churchill
, 256–259.

26
Moran,
Churchill: The Struggle for Survival
, 273; Lewis,
Changing Direction
,157–160; Sarila,
The Shadow of the Great Game
, 22, 181–182.

27
Barnes and Nicholson,
The Empire at Bay
, 1013; Mansergh,
The Transfer of Power
,Vol. V, 826.

28
Barnes and Nicholson,
The Empire at Bay
, 1044–1045; Moon,
Wavell
, 135–136; Mansergh,
The Transfer of Power
, Vol. V, 1073–1077, 1083–1086.

29
Mansergh,
The Transfer of Power
, Vol. V, 1222–1225.

30
Ibid., 1128; Moon,
Wavell
, 157–158.

31
Mansergh,
The Transfer of Power
, Vol. V, 1229.

32
Sarila,
The Shadow of the Great Game
, 186; Moon,
Wavell
, 310, 168.

33
Moran,
Churchill: The Struggle for Survival
, 331; Moon,
Wavell
, 168.

34
Bose and Bose,
Netaji
, Vol. 7, 228.

35
Yadav and Seki,
Subhas Chandra Bose
, 120–125.

36
WO 208/3812, “The Last Movements of S. C. Bose.” The spy appears to have been S. C. Goho, a Malayan of Indian origin. See WO 203/4673, War Dept. to HQ SEAC: “Confidential 12166,” October 1945.

37
Bose and Bose,
Netaji
, Vol. 12, 212–222.

38
Related to the author by former Congress worker Manos Banerjee.