Consciousness Beyond Life: The Science of the Near-Death Experience (52 page)

29. M. Nahm and B. Greyson, “Terminal Lucidity in Patients with Chronic Schizophrenia and Dementia: A Survey of the Literature,”
Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease
197, no. 12 (2009): 942–44.

30. Schwartz, and Begley,
Mind and the Brain.

31. N. Doidge,
The Brain That Changes Itself: Stories of Personal Triumph from the Frontiers of Brain Science
(London: Penguin Books, 2007).

32. P. R. Huttenlocher, “Synapse Elimination and Plasticity in Developing Human Cerebral Cortex,”
American Journal of Mental Deficiency
88 (1984): 488–96.

33. M. T. Acosta, P. Montanez, and F. E. Leon-Sarmiento, “Half Brain but Not Half Function,”
Lancet
360 (2002): 643; J. Borgstein and C. Grootendorst, “Clinical Picture: Half a Brain,”
Lancet
359 (2002): 473.

34. H. S. Mayberg et al., “The Functional Neuroanatomy of the Placebo Effect,”
American Journal of Psychiatry
159 (2002): 728–37.

35. T. D. Wager, “Placebo-Induced Changes in fMRI in the Anticipation and Experience of Pain,”
Science
303 (2004): 1162–67; F. Benedetti et al., “Neurobiological Mechanisms of the Placebo Effect,”
Journal of Neuroscience
25, no. 45 (2005): 10390–402.

36. Beauregard, M. “Mind Does Really Matter: Evidence from Neuroimaging Studies of Emotional Self-Regulation, Psychotherapy, and Placebo Effect.”
Progress in Neurobiology
81, no. 4 (2007): 218–36; M. Beauregard and D. O’Leary, “Toward a Nonmaterialistic Science of Mind,” chap. 6 in
The Spiritual Brain: How Neuroscience Is Revealing the Existence of the Soul
(San Francisco: HarperOne, 2007), 125–80.

37. Schwartz and Begley,
Mind and the Brain;
R. J. Davidson et al., “Alterations in Brain and Immune Function Produced by Mindfulness Meditation,”
Psychosomatic Medicine
65, no. 4 (2003): 564–70.

38. In an EEG different brain waves can be registered with increasing frequencies: delta, theta, alpha, beta, and gamma waves. Delta waves have the lowest frequency. Theta waves are said to be correlated with relaxed, meditative, and creative states, and gamma waves are commonly associated with peak concentration, optimal cognitive functioning, increased mental abilities, and increased levels of compassion and happiness. See A. Lutz et al., “Long-Term Meditators Self-Induce High-Amplitude Gamma Synchrony During Mental Practice,”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, USA
101, no. 46 (2004): 16369–73.

39. M. Baringa, “Buddhism and Neuroscience: Studying the Well-Trained Mind,”
Science
302 (2003): 44–46; M. Beauregard and V. Paquette, “Neural Correlates of a Mystical Experience in Carmelite Nuns,”
Neuroscience Letters
405 (2006): 186–90.

40. In split-brain patients the tissue that connects the two hemispheres and facilitates communication and coordination between those two parts (the corpus callosum) is severed to some degree.

41. R. W. Sperry, “Mental Phenomena as Causal Determinants in Brain Function,” in
Consciousness of the Brain,
ed. G. G. Globus, G. Maxwell, and I. Savodnik (New York: Plenum, 1976); B. Libet et al., “Time of Conscious Intention to Act in Relation to Onset of Cerebral Activity (Readiness Potential): The Unconscious Initiation of a Freely Voluntary Act,”
Brain
106 (1983): 623–42; B. Libet, “A Testable Field Theory of Mind-Brain Interaction,”
Journal of Consciousness Studies
1 (1994): 119–26; B. Libet,
Mind Time: The Temporal Factor in Consciousness
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2004); M. Beauregard, P. Lévesque, and V. Paquette, “Neural Basis of Conscious and Voluntary Self-Regulation of Emotion,” in
Consciousness, Emotional Self-Regulation and the Brain,
ed. M. Beauregard (Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing, 2004), 163–94.

42. D. Dennett,
Consciousness Explained
(Boston and London: Little, Brown, 1991); S. J. Blackmore, “There Is No Stream of Consciousness,”
Journal of Consciousness Studies
9, nos. 5–6 (2002): 17–28.

43. R. Penrose,
Shadows of the Mind
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996); Beauregard and O’Leary,
Spiritual Brain;
Noë,
Out of Our Heads.

Chapter 11: Quantum Physics and Consciousness

1. S. Hawking,
The Universe in a Nutshell
(London: Bantam Press, 2001).

2. M. Bischof,
Biophotonen—Das Licht, das unsere Zellen steuert
[Biophotons—The Light Governing Our Cells], 11th ed. (Frankfurt: Verlag Zweitausendeins, 2001), 217. The Web site http://www.marcobischof.com contains a number of English articles on the same subject.

3. N. J. Nersessian, “Aether Or: The Creation of Scientific Concepts,”
Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science
15 (1984): 175–212.

4. F. Rutherford, G. Holton, and F. G. Watson, “Unit 4 Light and Electromagnetism,” chap. 13 in
Project Physics Course
(New York: Holt, Reinhart & Winston, 1968), 14.

5. N. Bohr and J. Kalckar, eds.,
Collected Works,
vol. 6,
Foundations of Quantum Physics I (1926–1932)
(Amsterdam and New York: North Holland, 1997), 91–94; B. Rosenblum and F. Kuttner, “The Observer in the Quantum Experiment,”
Foundations of Physics
32, no. 8 (2002): 1273–93; N. Bohr,
Atomic Physics and Human Knowledge
(New York: Wiley, 1958), 81; N. Bohr,
Essays 1958–1962 on Atomic Physics and Human Knowledge
(New York: Wiley, 1963), 15.

6. M. Born,
My Life and My Views: A Nobel Prize Winner in Physics Writes Provocatively on a Wide Range of Subjects
(New York: Scribner, 1968), 48.

7. E. Schrödinger, “Discussion of Probability Relations Between Separated Systems,”
Cambridge Philosophical Society Proceedings
32 (1935): 555.

8. W. Heisenberg,
Physics and Beyond
(New York: Harper & Row, 1971); R. Penrose,
Shadows of the Mind: A Search for the Missing Science of Consciousness
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996).

9. J. von Neumann,
The Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1955), quoted in A. Goswami, R. E. Reed, and M. Goswami,
The Self-Aware Universe: How Consciousness Creates the Material World
(New York: Jeremy Tarcher/Putman, 1993).

10. H. Stapp,
Mind, Matter and Quantum Mechanics,
2nd ed. (Berlin and Heidelberg: Springer Verlag, 2004); E. Wigner, “The Problem of Measurement,”
Journal of Physics
31, no. 6 (1963); R. Nadeau and M. Kafatos,
The Non-Local Universe: The New Physics and Matters of the Mind
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1999); Goswami, Reed, and Goswami,
Self-Aware Universe;
F. A. Wolf,
The Spiritual Universe: One Physicist’s Vision of Spirit, Soul, Matter and Self
(Portsmouth, NH: Moment Point Press, 1996).

11. A. Aspect, J. Dalibard, and G. Roger, “Experimental Tests of Bell’s Inequality Using Varying Analyses,”
Physical Review Letters
25 (1982): 1084.

12. I. Marcikic et al., “Distribution of Time-Bin Entangled Qubits over 50 km of Optical Fiber,”
Physical Review Letters
93, no. 18 (2004): 180502–1–4; D. Greenberger, M. Horne, and A. Zeilinger, “Going Beyond Bell’s Theorem,” in
Bell’s Theorem, Quantum Theory, and Conceptions of the Universe,
ed. M. Kafatos (Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Kluwer Academics, 1989), 73–76.

13. F. A. Wolf,
Taking the Quantum Leap: The New Physics For Non-scientists
(New York: Harper & Row, 1989), chap. 5, pp. 87–93.

14. A. Einstein, “The Concept of Space,”
Nature
125 (1930): 897–98; W. J. Moore,
Schrödinger: Life and Thought
(Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989); K. C. Cole, “In Patterns, Not Particles, Physics Trust,”
Los Angeles Times,
March 4, 1999.

15. N. D. Mermin, “Is the Moon There When Nobody Looks? Reality and the Quantum Theory,”
Physics Today
38, no. 4 (1985): 38–47.

16. E. D. Kelly and E. W. Kelly,
Irreducible Mind: Toward a Psychology for the 21st Century
(Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2007), 199–218.

17. D. Greenberger, “Remark Made During a Debate,” Symposium on Fundamental Questions in Quantum Mechanics (State University of New York, Albany, 1984).

18. E. Schrödinger,
What Is Life, With Mind and Matter and Autobiographical Sketches,
Canto Edition (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1944), 93.

19. L. P. Wheeler,
Josiah Willard Gibbs: The History of a Great Mind
(Wood-bridge, CT: Ox Bow Press, 1998); A. Sommerfeld, “Einführung in die Quantentheorie, Oscillator und Rotator,” in
Atombau und Spektrallinien
(Braunschweig, Germany: Friedrich Vieweg & Sohn, 1924), translated by Henry L. Brose as “Introduction to Quantum Theory, Oscillator and Rotator,” in
Atomic Structure and Spectral Lines
(London: Methuen, 1923).

20. Penrose,
Shadows of the Mind.

21. W. Schempp, “Quantum Holography and Neurocomputer Architectures,”
Journal of Mathematical Imaging and Vision
2 (1992): 109–64; W. Schempp,
Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Mathematical Foundations and Applications
(New York: John Wiley, 1997). Nuclear spin resonance is the principle underlying magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for which, as for a quantum hologram, there is evidence of this nonlocal information exchange because the hydrogen nuclei in the water and the fats of the neurons must align themselves to the magnetic field on the basis of quantum-mechanical laws, with the protons of the hydrogen nuclei aligning themselves parallel or antiparallel to the inducing magnetic field.

22. G.’t Hooft, “Dimensional Reduction in Quantum Gravity,” in
Salamfest,
ed. A. Ali, J. Ellis, and S. Randjbar-Daemi (Singapore: World Scientific, 1993), 284–96; B. Greene,
The Fabric of the Cosmos
(New York: Knopf, 2004).

23. H. R. Pagels,
Perfect Symmetry
(London: Joseph Publishers, 1985); E. Laszlo,
The Connectivity Hypothesis: Foundations of an Integral Science of Quantum, Cosmos, Life, and Consciousness
(Albany: State University of New York Press, 2003); E. Laszlo,
Science and the Akashic Field: An Integral Theory of Everything
(Rochester, VT: Inner Traditions, 2004).

24. R. A. Hall,
Isaac Newton, Adventurer in Thought
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), 27.

25. D. J. Chalmers, “Consciousness and Its Place in Nature,” in
Philosophy of Mind: Classical and Contemporary Readings
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002). See also http://consc.net/papers/nature.html.

26. Penrose,
Shadows of the Mind: A Search for the Missing Science of Consciousness.
(Oxford: Oxford University Press,1996).

27. D. Bohm,
Wholeness and the Implicate Order
(London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1980).

28. P. Weiss,
Principles of Development
(New York: Holt, 1939); A. Gurwitsch, “Über den Begriff des embryonalen Feldes” [On the Concept of the Embryonic Field],
Archiv für Entwicklungsmechanik
[Archives of Developmental Biology] 51 (1922): 383–415.

29. R. Sheldrake,
A New Science of Life
(London: Blond & Briggs, 1981); R. Sheldrake,
The Presence of the Past
(London: Fontana, 1988).

30. J. van der Greef and R. N. McBurney, “Rescuing Drug Discovery:
In Vivo
Systems Pathology and Systems Pharmacology,”
Nature Reviews/Drug Discovery
4 (2005): 961–67.