Core Topics in General & Emergency Surgery: Companion to Specialist Surgical Practice (66 page)
Read Core Topics in General & Emergency Surgery: Companion to Specialist Surgical Practice Online
Authors: Simon Paterson-Brown MBBS MPhil MS FRCS
72.
Smith, W.R., Moore, E.E., Osborn, P., et al, Retroperitoneal packing as a resuscitation technique for haemodynamically unstable patients with pelvic fractures: report of two representative cases and a description of technique.
J Trauma
2005;59:1510–1514.
16394933
73.
Jansen, J.O., Inaba, K., Resnick, S., et al, Selective non-operative management of abdominal gunshot wounds: survey of practice. Feb 14. Injury. 2012. doi:
10.1016/j.injury.2012.01.023
.Epub ahead of print.
22341771
74.
Knudson, M.M., Lim, R.C., Oakes, D.D., et al, Nonoperative management of blunt liver injuries in adults: the need for continued surveillance.
J Trauma
1990;30:1494–1500.
2258960
75.
Pachter, H.L., Knudson, M.M., Esrig, B., et al. Status of nonoperative management of blunt hepatic injuries in 1995: a multicenter experience with 404 patients.
J Trauma
. 1996;40:31–38.
76.
Renz, B.M., Feliciano, D.V., Gunshot wounds to the right thoracoabdomen: a prospective study of nonoperative management.
J Trauma
1994;37:737–744.
7966470
77.
Alonso M, Brathwaite C, Garcia V, et al. Practice Management Guidelines Work Group. Blunt liver and spleen injuries: non-operative management,
http://www.east.org/tpg/livspleen
; [accessed February 2012].
78.
Inaba, K., Branco, B.C., Moe, D., et al. Prospective evaluation of selective nonoperative management of torso gunshot wounds: when is it safe to discharge?
J Trauma
. 2012;72(4):884–891.
79.
Como, J.J., Bokhari, F., Chiu, W.C., et al. Practice Management Guidelines Working Group. Penetrating trauma: selective non-operative management. Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma.
J Trauma
. 2010;68(3):721–733.
80.
Dondelinger, R.F., Trotteur, G., Ghaye, B., et al, Traumatic injuries: radiological hemostatic intervention at admission.
Eur Radiol
. 2002;12(5):979–993.
11976842
81.
Johnson, J.W., Gracias, V.H., Gupta, R., et al, Hepatic angiography in patients undergoing damage control laparotomy.
J Trauma
2002;52:1102–1106.
12045637
82.
Asensio, J.A., Roldan, G., Petrone, P., et al, Operative management and outcomes in 103 AAST-OIS grades IV and V complex hepatic injuries: trauma surgeons still need to operate, but angioembolization helps.
J Trauma
2003;54:647–653.
12707525
83.
Dent, D., Alsabrook, G., Erickson, B.A., et al, Blunt splenic injuries: high nonoperative management rate can be achieved with selective embolization.
J Trauma
. 2004;56(5):1063–1067.
15179247
84.
Haan, J.M., Biffl, W., Knudson, M.M., et al, Western Trauma Association Multi-institutional Trials Committee. Splenic embolization revisited: a multicenter review.
J Trauma
. 2004;56(3):542–547.
15128125
85.
Velmahos, G.C., Toutouzas, K.G., Vassiliu, P., et al, A prospective study on the safety and efficacy of angiographic embolization for pelvic and visceral injuries.
J Trauma
. 2002;53(2):303–308.
12169938
Recommended reading
Boffard K.D., ed. Manual of definitive surgical trauma care, 3rd ed, London: Hodder Arnold, 2011.
Committee on Trauma of the American College of Surgeons.
Resources for optimal care of the trauma patient
. Chicago, IL: Committee on Trauma of the American College of Surgeons; 2006.
Peitzman A., Rhodes M., Schwab C.W., eds. The trauma manual: Trauma and acute care surgery. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, 2008.
Websites
Organ Injury Scaling of the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma.
Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma.
Practice Management Guidelines.
World Society of the Abdominal Compartment Syndrome (WSACS).
Scaling system for organ-specific injuries
Cervical vascular organ injury scale
Chest wall injury scale
Heart injury scale
Lung injury scale
Thoracic vascular injury scale
Diaphragm injury scale
Spleen injury scale
Liver injury scale
Extrahepatic biliary tree injury scale
Pancreas injury scale
Oesophagus injury scale
Stomach injury scale
Duodenum injury scale
Small-bowel injury scale
Colon injury scale
Rectum injury scale
Abdominal vascular injury scale
Adrenal organ injury scale
Kidney injury scale
Ureter injury scale
Bladder injury scale
Urethra injury scale
Uterus (non-pregnant) injury scale
Uterus (pregnant) injury scale
Fallopian tube injury scale
Ovary injury scale
Vagina injury scale
Vulva injury scale
Testis injury scale
Scrotum injury scale
Penis injury scale
Peripheral vascular organ injury scale
Table A1
Cervical vascular organ injury scale
*
Increase one grade for multiple grade III or IV injuries involving more than 50% vessel circumference. Decrease one grade for less than 25% vessel circumference disruption for grade IV or V.
Reproduced from Moore EE, Malangoni MA, Cogbill TH et al. Organ Injury Scaling VII: Cervical vascular, peripheral vascular, adrenal, penis, testis and scrotum. J Trauma 1996; 41(3):523–4. With permission from Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins.
Table A2
Chest wall injury scale
*
This scale is confined to the chest wall alone and does not reflect associated internal or abdominal injuries. Therefore, further delineation of upper versus lower or anterior versus posterior chest wall was not considered, and a grade VI was not warranted. Specifically, thoracic crush was not used as a descriptive term; instead, the geography and extent of fractures and soft tissue injury were used to define the grade. Upgrade by one grade for bilateral injuries.
Reproduced from Moore EE, Cogbill TH, Jurkovich GJ. Organ Injury Scaling III: chest wall, abdominal vascular, ureter, bladder and urethra. J Trauma 1992; 33:337–8. With permission from Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins.
Table A3
Heart injury scale
*
Advance one grade for multiple wounds to a single chamber or multiple chamber involvement.
Reproduced from Moore EE, Malangoni MA, Cogbill TH et al. Organ Injury Scaling IV: thoracic, vascular, lung, cardiac and diaphragm. J Trauma 1994; 36(3):299–300. With permission from Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins.
Table A4
Lung injury scale
*
Advance one grade for bilateral injuries up to grade III. Haemothorax is scored under thoracic vascular injury scale.
Reproduced from Moore EE, Malangoni MA, Cogbill TH et al. Organ Injury Scaling IV: thoracic, vascular, lung, cardiac and diaphragm. J Trauma 1994; 36(3):299–300. With permission from Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins.
Table A5
Thoracic vascular injury scale
*
Increase one grade for multiple grade III or IV injuries if more than 50% circumference. Decrease one grade for grade IV injuries if less than 25% circumference.
Reproduced from Moore EE, Malangoni MA, Cogbill TH et al. Organ Injury Scaling IV: thoracic, vascular, lung, cardiac and diaphragm. J Trauma 1994; 36(3):299–300. With permission from Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins.
Table A6
Diaphragm injury scale
*
Advance one grade for bilateral injuries up to grade III.
Reproduced from Moore EE, Malangoni MA, Cogbill TH et al. Organ Injury Scaling IV: thoracic, vascular, lung, cardiac and diaphragm. J Trauma 1994; 36(3):299–300. With permission from Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins.
Table A7
Spleen injury scale (1994 revision)
*
Advance one grade for multiple injuries up to grade III.
Reproduced from Moore EE, Cogbill TH, Jurkovich GJ et al. Organ Injury Scaling: spleen and liver (1994 revision). J Trauma 1995; 38(3):323–4. With permission from Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins.
Table A8
Liver injury scale (1994 revision)
*
Advance one grade for multiple injuries up to grade III.
Reproduced from Moore EE, Cogbill TH, Jurkovich GJ et al. Organ Injury Scaling: spleen and liver (1994 revision). J Trauma 1995; 38(3):323–4. With permission from Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins.
Table A9
Extrahepatic biliary tree injury scale
*
Advance one grade for multiple injuries up to grade III.
Reproduced from Moore EE, Jurkovich GJ, Knudson MM et al. Organ Injury Scaling VI: extrahepatic biliary, oesophagus, stomach, vulva, vagina, uterus (non-pregnant), uterus (pregnant), Fallopian tube, and ovary. J Trauma 1995; 39(6):1069–70. With permission from Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins.