Core Topics in General & Emergency Surgery: Companion to Specialist Surgical Practice (8 page)

1.
Sackett, D., Rosenberg, W.M.C., Muirgray, J.A., et al. Evidence based medicine: what it is and what it isn't.
Br Med J
. 1996;312:71–72.

2.
Kaska, S., Weinstein, J.N., Historical perspective. Ernest Amory Codman, 1869–1940. A pioneer of evidence-based medicine: the end result idea.
Spine
1998;23:629–633.
9530796

3.
Cochrane Collaboration. The Cochrane Collaboration: preparing, maintaining and disseminating systematic reviews of the effects of health care. Oxford: Cochrane Centre, 1999.

4.
Sackett, D., Richardson, W.S., Rosenberg, W.
Evidence-based medicine: how to practice and teach EBM
. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 1997.

5.
Smith, R. Where is the wisdom?
Br Med J
. 1991;303:798–799.

6.
Ellis, J., Mulligan, I., Rowe, J., et al, Inpatient general medicine is evidence based.
Lancet
1995;346:407–410.
7623571

7.
Department of Health. The new NHS: modern, dependable. London: Department of Health, 1997.

8.
Department of Health. A first class service. London: Department of Health, 1998.

9.
Wilt, T., Brawer, M.K., The Prostate Cancer Intervention Versus Observation Trial: a randomized trial comparing radical prostatectomy versus expectant management for the treatment of clinically localized prostate cancer.
J Urol
1994;152:1910–1914.
7523736

10.
Majeed, A., Troy, G., Nicholl, J.P., et al, Randomised, prospective, single-blind comparison of laparoscopic versus small-incision cholecystectomy.
Lancet
1996;347:989–994.
8606612

11.
Anon. Laparoscopic versus open repair of groin hernia: a randomised comparison. The MRC Laparoscopic Groin Hernia Trial Group.
Lancet
. 1999;354:185–190.

12.
Anon, Beneficial effect of carotid endarterectomy in symptomatic patients with high-grade carotid stenosis. North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial Collaborators.
N Engl J Med
1991;325:445–453.
1852179

13.
Hunter, D. Rationing and evidence-based medicine.
J Eval Clin Pract
. 1996;2:5–8.

14.
Clarke M., Oxman A.D., eds. Cochrane reviewers handbook 4.1.1. Oxford: Cochrane Library, 2000. [(updated December 2000), Issue 4].

15.
Guyatt, G., Sackett, D.L., Sinclair, J.C., et alEvidence-Based Medicine Working Group, Users' guides to the medical literature. IX. A method for grading health care recommendations. for the. JAMA. 1995;274:1800–1804.
7500513

16.
Altman, D.
Randomisation. Br Med J
. 1991;302:1481–1482.

17.
Schulz, K.F., Altman, D.G., Moher, D., CONSORT Group. CONSORT 2010 Statement: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials. for the.
Br Med J
. 2010;340:c332.

18.
Moher, D., Hopewell, S., Schulz, K.F., CONSORT Group. CONSORT 2010 Explanation and Elaboration: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trial. for the.
Br Med J
. 2010;340:c869.

19.
Elm, E., Altman, D.G., Egger, M., et al. Strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies.
Br Med J
. 2007;335:806–808.

20.
Mober, D., Cook, D.J., Eastwood, S., QUORUM Group, Improving the quality of reports of meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials: the QUORUM statement. for the. Lancet. 1999;354:1896–1900.
10584742

21.
Greenhalgh, T., How to read a paper: the basics of evidence based medicine. vol. xvii. London: British Medical Journal Publications; 1997. [p. 196].

22.
Mulrow, C. Rationale for systematic reviews.
Br Med J
. 1994;309:597–599.

23.
Lau, J., Schmid, C.H., Chalmers, T.C. Cumulative meta-analysis of clinical trials builds evidence for exemplary medical care.
J Clin Epidemiol
. 1995;48:45–60.

24.
Antman, E., Lau, J., Kupelnick, B., et al, A comparison of results of meta-analyses of randomized control trials and recommendations of clinical experts.
Treatments for myocardial infarction. JAMA
1992;268:240–248.
1535110

25.
Greenhalgh, T. How to read a paper.
The MEDLINE database. Br Med J
. 1997;315:180–183.

26.
Adams, C., Power, A., Fredrick, K., et al, An investigation of the adequacy of MEDLINE searches for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of the effects of mental health care.
Psychol Med
1994;24:741–748.
7991756

27.
Easterbrook, P., Berlin, J.A., Gopalan, R., et al, Publication bias in clinical research.
Lancet
1991;337:867–872.
1672966

28.
Gotzsche, P. Reference bias in reports of drug trials.
Br Med J (Clin Res)
. 1987;295:654–656.

29.
Fullerton-Smith, I. How members of the Cochrane Collaboration prepare and maintain systematic reviews of the effects of health care.
Evidence-Based Med
. 1995;1:7–8.

30.
Sackett, D., Clinical epidemiology: a basic science for clinical medicine. vol. xviii. 2nd ed. Boston: Little Brown; 1991. [p.441].

31.
Thompson, S., Pocock, S., Can meta-analysis be trusted.
Lancet
1991;338:1127–1130.
1682553

32.
Anon, Magnesium, myocardial infarction, meta-analysis and mega-trials.
Drug Ther Bull
1995;33:25–27.
7587989

33.
Chalmers, I., Altman, D.G.
Systematic reviews
. London: BMJ Publications; 1995. [p.50].

34.
DerSimonian, R., Laird, N. Meta-analysis in clinical trials.
Controlled Clin Trials
. 1986;7:177–188.

35.
Egger, M., Smith, G.D. Misleading meta-analysis.
Br Med J
. 1995;310:752–754.

36.
Yusuf, S., Teo, K., Woods, K., Intravenous magnesium in acute myocardial infarction. An effective, safe, simple, and inexpensive intervention.
Circulation
1993;87:2043–2046.
8504519

37.
Anon, ISIS-4: a randomised factorial trial assessing early oral captopril, oral mononitrate, and intravenous magnesium sulphate in 58 050 patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction. ISIS-4 (Fourth International Study of Infarct Survival) Collaborative Group.
Lancet
1995;345:669–685.
7661937

38.
Field, M.J., Lohr, K.N.
Clinical practice guidelines: directions for a new program
. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1990. [p. 160].

39.
Anon. North of England evidence based guidelines development project: summary version of evidence based guideline for the primary care management in adults. North of England Asthma Guideline Development Group.
Br Med J
. 1996;312:762–766.

40.
Anon. North of England evidence based guidelines development project: summary version of evidence based guideline for the primary care management angina. North of England Stable Angina Guideline Development Group.
Br Med J
. 1996;312:827–832.

41.
Eccles, M., Freemantle, N., Mason, J. North of England evidence based guideline development project: guideline on the use of aspirin as secondary prophylaxis for vascular disease in primary care. North of England Aspirin Guideline Development Group.
Br Med J
. 1998;316:1303–1309.

42.
Grol, R., Dalhuijsen, J., Thomas, S. Attributes of clinical guidelines that influence use of guidelines in general practice: observational study.
Br Med J
. 1998;317:858–861.

43.
NHS Executive. Clinical guidelines: using clinical guidelines to improve patient care within the NHS. Leeds: NHS Executive, 1996.

44.
Gray, J., Haynes, R.D., Sackett, D.L., et al. Transferring evidence from health care research into medical practice. 3. Developing evidence-based clinical policy.
Evid Based Med
. 1997;2:36–38.

45.
Grimshaw, J., Russell, I.T., Effect of clinical guidelines on medical practice: a systematic review of rigorous evaluations.
Lancet
1993;342:1317–1322.
7901634

46.
Cluzeau, F., Littlejohns, P., Grimshaw, J., et al.
Appraisal instrument for clinical guidelines
. London: St George's Hospital Medical School; 1997.

47.
Oxman, A., Guyatt, G.H. Guidelines for reading literature reviews.
Can Med Assoc J
. 1988;138:697–703.

48.
Oxman, A., Cook, D.J., Guyatt, G.H., Users' guides to the medical literature. VI. How to use an overview. Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group.
JAMA
1994;272:1367–1371.
7933399

49.
Oxman, A. Checklists for review articles.
Br Med J
. 1994;309:648–651.

50.
Cook, D., Guyatt, G.H., Laupacis, A., et al. Rules of evidence and clinical recommendations on the use of antithrombotic agents.
Chest
. 1992;102:3055–3115.

51.
Canadian Task Force on the Periodic Health Examination, The periodic health examination.
Can Med Assoc J
1979;121:1193–1254.
115569

52.
Hadorn, D.C., Baker, D., Hodges, J.S., et al, Rating the quality of evidence for clinical practice guidelines.
J Clin Epidemiol
1996;49:749–754.
8691224

53.
Centre for Evidence-based Medicine Levels of evidence and grades of recommendations. Oxford: Centre for Evidence-based Medicine; 1999.
www.cebm.net/index.aspx?o=1025

54.
NHS Central Research and Development Committee. Methods to promote the implementation of research findings in the NHS: priorities for evaluation: report to the NHS Central Research and Development Committee. London: Department of Health, 1995.

55.
Bero, L., Grilli, R., Grimshaw, J., et al. Closing the gap between research and practice. In: Haines A., Donald A., eds.
Getting research findings into practice
. London: BMJ Publications; 1998:27–35.

56.
Dunning, M., Abi-aad, G., Gilbert, G., et al.
Turning evidence into everyday practice
. London: King's Fund; 1999.

57.
Evans, D., Haines, A.
Implementing evidence based changes in healthcare
. Oxford: Radcliffe Medical Press; 2000.

58.
Dunning, M., McQuay, H., Milne, R., Getting a GRiPP.
Health Serv J
1994;104:18–20.
10134566

59.
Appleby, J.W.K., Ham, C.
Acting on the evidence: a review of clinical effectiveness: sources of information, dissemination, and implementation
. Birmingham: National Association of Health Authorities and Trusts; 1995.

60.
Department of Health. Clinical audit: meeting and improving standards in health care. London: Department of Health, 1998. [p. 14].

61.
Department of Health. The evolution of clinical audit. Heywood: Health Publications Unit, 1994.

62.
Donabedian, A. Evaluating the quality of care.
Millbank Memorial Federation of Quality
. 1996;3:166–203.

63.
Royal College of Surgeons of England. Clinical audit in surgical practice. London: Royal College of Surgeons of England, 1995.

Possible sources of further information, useful Internet sites and contact addresses

The details below provide references to a number of sources of information, particularly those accessible through the Internet. It must be remembered that there are rapid changes in the material available online and Internet addresses are liable to change. Several of these sources provide extensive links to other sites.