Authors: William R. Leach
61.
For a description of CSX, see Muller,
Intermodal Freight Transportation
, p. 93; on Malcolm McLean, see “Containerization at 40,” from a program given by the Container Industry in honor of McLean (courtesy
Fayetteville Observer-Times
, May 22, 1998); and, on the evolution of regulatory policy regarding cross-modal ownership, author phone interview with unnamed officer at the Office of Proceedings, Surface Transportation Board, Washington, D.C., June 1, 1998.
62.
“Administration to Study Business Concentration,”
WSJ
, May 13, 1998, A2. Clinton also said that the globalizing and nationalizing of industries placed “a premium on bigness, partly so you can afford to get into new market areas, partly so you can afford to handle bad years—you have more money.”
63.
“Embassies Pave Way for U.S. Executives,”
Journal of Commerce
, August 12, 1998, 1C; “U.S. Embassies Give American Companies More Help Overseas,”
WSJ
, January 21, 1997, A1, A12; “Daley to Barnstorm China, Pushing Contracts for U.S.,”
WSJ
, October 3, 1997, A7; and “Yesterday’s Diplomats Are Today’s Entrepreneurs in Argentina,”
WSJ
, January 8, 1998, A5.
64.
Wolfgang Demisch, analyst for BT securities, quoted in James Sterngold, “A Swift Transformation,”
NYT
, December 16, 1996, 1.
65.
See speech by Secretary of Transportation Federico Pena, March 5, 1996, press release, DOT.
66.
Editorial, “Let’s Have Open Skies,”
WSJ
, June 14, 1996, A14.
67.
“Clearer Skies,”
Journal of Commerce
, July 13, 1998, 6A; “Open Skies Pact with Peru Excludes Fine Air,”
ibid.
, June 12, 1998, 11A; “Airline Pacts’ Antitrust Question Sparks Controversy,”
WSJ
, January 3, 1997; “A Megadeal in the Skies,”
BusinessWeek
, June 3, 1996, 50–51; “U.S. Moves to Allow Two Airlines’ Overseas Ties,”
WSJ
, May 22, 1996, A2; and “How Maneuvering by Airlines Shaped U.S.-Japan Accord,”
WSJ
, February 2, 1998, 1.
68.
Quoted in
NYT
, January 20, 1998, D1.
69.
“Past open-skies deals already are paying dividends,” said the
Journal of Commerce
in July 1998. “U.S. Department of Transportation studies have shown much stronger traffic growth in open-skies
countries where alliances operate than in markets without alliances or open skies (July 13, 1998, 6A).”
70.
The phrase belongs to Saskia Sassen, political economist; see her
Globalization and Its Discontents
(New York: New Press, 1998), p. xxviii. Sassen writes that “deregulation has … had the effect, particularly in the case of the leading economic sectors, of partly denationalizing national territory.”
71.
“Hope vs. Experience, the Rematch,”
WSJ
, January 14, 1997, A21.
72.
Muller,
Intermodal Freight Transportation
, pp. 1–5.
73.
Ibid.
, p. 2.
74.
“Maxton Native Malcolm McLean, Shipping Innovator, Enters Hall,”
Fayetteville
[N.C.]
Observer-Times
, March 21, 1982; and
BusinessWeek
, April 16, 1979, 80–90.
75.
Quoted in “Malcolm McLean’s $750 Million Gamble,”
BusinessWeek
, April 16, 1979, 81.
76.
Muller,
Intermodal Freight Transportation
, pp. 15–16; and Leah Robinson Rousmaniere,
Anchored Within the Vail
(New York: The Seaman’s Church Institute of New York and New Jersey, 1995), p. 91.
77.
See Jameson Doig,
Empire on the Hudson
, Epilogue.
78.
“Building ‘Cow-tainers,’ ”
Journal of Commerce
, May 29, 1998, 3B; and “Acknowledging the Roar of the Cargo,”
ibid.
, 10C. On generalized use of containers by the nineties, see Muller,
Intermodal Freight Transportation
, p. 23.
79.
Marvin Schwartz,
J. B. Hunt: The Long Haul to Success
(Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 1992), pp. 52–53.
80.
Muller,
Intermodal Freight Transportation
, pp. 55–56.
81.
WSJ
, February 3, 1998, A1; and telephone interview with Bob Withuhn, December 16, 1996.
82.
Schwartz,
J. B. Hunt
, p. 59; and
WSJ
, February 26, 1997, p. A2.
83.
Interview with Donal H. Lotz, intermodal manager, and Dimitri C. Rallis, principal shipping analyst, of the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, April 20, 1998; Terry Brennan, “Eastern Ports’ Fate Hangs on Dredging,”
Journal of Commerce
, June 22, 1998, 1C–2C.
84.
Interview with Lotz and Rallis, April 20, 1998; Joe Mysak with Judith Schiffer,
Perpetual Motion
(New York: General Publishing
Group, 1997), pp. 229–34; and Lillian Borrone, “Intermodal Transport—The Role of Ports,” speech given at the International Symposium on Liner Shipping, Hamburg, Germany, June 15, 1993 (text courtesy of Don Lotz of the Port Authority of NY/NJ).
85.
On the tropical fish, see “Aquarium Shop Worker Accused of Trafficking in Endangered Fish,”
NYT
, April 17, 1998, B1; on the Seaman’s Church Institute in Newark, see Rousmaniere,
Anchored Within the Vail
, pp. 91–93; on the decline in the number of port workers, see
NYT
, October 13, 1997, B1.
86.
Statement by Rodney Slater, “The National Highway System: Commitment to America’s Future,” March 2, 1995, U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration.
87.
For an account of this congestion, see Theodore Prince, “Intermodal Bottlenecks,”
Journal of Commerce
, May 29, 1998, 7A; and “A Fragile System,”
ibid.
, editorial, August 11, 1998, 6A.
88.
Ibid.
, August 11, 1998.
89.
On this bill, see David Rogers, “Route of the New I-69 Follows a Trail Marked By Politics and Money,”
WSJ
, May 22, 1998, A1, A9; Eric Planin and Charles Babcock, “Working the System,”
Washington Post National Weekly Edition
, April 13, 1998, 6; Richard Berke, “Lawmaker Takes Highway to Power,”
NYT
, September 25, 1997, A18; for a full account of the House bill, see “Highway and Transit Funding,”
Congressional Quarterly
, House Action Reports (March 31, 1998).
90.
“Small-Town Life Lures Young Professionals,”
WSJ
, September 29, 1995, B8; on road building’s boon for geology, see John McPhee,
Annals of the Former World
(New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1998), pp. 23–25.
91.
These figures come from
Advertising Age
, September 14, 1981; May 12, 1986; May 6, 1991; May 12, 1997 (courtesy of Scott MacDonald, Information Center,
Advertising Age)
.
92.
Kenneth Jackson, “All the World’s a Mall: Reflections on the Social and Economic Consequences of the American Shopping Center,”
American Historical Review
, 101:4 (October 1996), 1111–21; for the 1972 figure, see, in the same
AHR
issue, Thomas W. Hanchett, “U.S. Tax Policy and the Shopping-Center Boom of the 1950s and 60s,” 1106. For the relationship of highways and development,
see Owen D. Gutfreund’s dissertation, “Twentieth-Century Sprawl: Accommodating the Automobile and the Decentralization of the U.S.” (Dept. of History, Ph.D. diss., Columbia University, 1998).
93.
“Power Shortage for ‘Big Box’ Retailers,”
WSJ
, February 7, 1997, B12, and, for 1997 figure in shopping centers, see “The Scope of the Shopping Center Industry in the United States 1998” (New York: International Council of Shopping Centers, 1998), pp. 2–3. Thayer is quoted in the
WSJ
article. See also “Retail Building Surges Despite Store Glut,”
WSJ
, January 17, 1996, A2; and “Retailers Keep Expanding Amid Glut of Stores,”
WSJ
, May 28, 1996, A21, A26.
94.
See Anita Raghavan, “Mall Rises, But Will Shoppers Come?”
WSJ
(July 29, 1998), B6.
95.
Author’s visit, September 1996.
1.
“The Remembering Machines of Tomorrow,” in W. S. Merwin,
Miner’s Pale Children
(New York: Atheneum, 1970), pp. 127–31.
2.
This account is based on a sketch by Dean Takahashi, “Road Warrior,”
Wall Street Journal
(hereafter
WSJ)
, November 18, 1996, R27.
3.
Quoted in John Brinckerhoff Jackson,
Landscape in Sight: Looking at America
, edited by Helen Lefkowitz Horowitz (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997), p. 246.
4.
For this trend, see James Annable, “Insecure Executives Make the Economy Grow,”
WSJ
, April 28, 1997, A18; see also Richard Lester (director of the Industrial Technology Center at MIT),
The Productive Edge
(New York: W.W. Norton, 1998), pp. 27–30, and part IV (“Living with Ambiguity: A Path to Faster Growth”) pp. 261–331.
5.
Morris R. Schechtman,
Working Without a Net
(Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1994), pp. 5–6. Newt Gingrich put this book on his reading list for incoming congressional freshmen.
6.
Rosabeth Kanter,
World Class
(New York: Simon and Schuster, 1995), pp. 156–57; for another version of this position, see Lester,
The Productive Edge
, pp. 29–30, 320–27.
7. Carl Quintanilla, “More Top Executives Are Hitting the Road,”
WSJ
, January 12, 1996, p. B1.
8.
“Marriott to Buy Renaissance Hotel Group,”
WSJ
, February 19, 1997, A3; “Marriott to Provide Long-Term Guests a New Economy-Priced Hotel Option,”
WSJ
, February 13, 1996, B7; “No Room in the Inn,”
WSJ
, December 13, 1996, B17; “Why Business Travel Is Such Hard Work,”
WSJ
, December 30, 1996, B1; “Pace of Business Travel Abroad Is Beyond Breakneck,”
WSJ
, May 31, 1996, B1.
9.
“Global Managers Need Boundless Sensitivity, Rugged Conditions,”
WSJ
, October 13, 1998, B6. Quintanilla, “More Top Executives Are Hitting the Road,”
WSJ
, January 12, 1996, B1, B8; “An Overseas Stint Can Be Ticket to the Top,”
WSJ
, January 1, 29, 1996, B1, B8.
10.
Rachel Beck, “On the Road Again,”
Putnam Courier Trader
, December 7, 1995, 8B.
11.
Michael Lorelli and Drew Struzan,
Traveling Again, Dad?
(Traverse City, Mo., Publishers Design Service, 1996).
12.
On Cowley, see Warren Susman, “Pilgrimage to Paris: The Backgrounds of American Expatriation, 1920–30,” Ph.D. diss., Department of History, University of Wisconsin, 1957 (University Microfilm International, 1986), 22–23; on the general history of the early expatriate movement, see Susman and Mary McCarthy, “A Guide to Exiles, Expatriates, and Internal Emigrés,” in Marc Robinson, ed.,
Altogether Elsewhere
(New York: Harcourt Brace, 1994), pp. 49–58.
13.
Darryl Pinckney, “How I Got Over,” in Robinson,
Altogether Elsewhere
, p. 34. And on the increase in numbers of businesspeople abroad, see Windham International and National Foreign Trade Council,
Global Relocation Trends 1994 Survey Report
(New York: Windham International, 1994), p. 9;
Global Relocation Trends 1995 Survey Report
, 1–13;
Global Relocation 1998 Survey Report
, pp. 6–10.
14.
Quoted by Michael Paterniti in his “Laptop Colonialists,”
New York Times Magazine
, January 12, 1997, 24–29, 34.
15.
Barry Newman, “The New Yank Abroad Is the ‘Can-Do’ Player in the Global Village,”
WSJ
, December 12, 1995, p. A1.
16.
Congress passed a 1996 tax law that attempted to penalize such
expatriates, but, as the
WSJ
reported in 1998, “If [that] law has dissuaded anyone from giving up U.S. citizenship, it doesn’t show.”
WSJ
, December 28, 1998, p. A2. For the Republican effort to discredit the reform that targeted the rich, see Joint Committee on Taxation,
Issues Presented by Proposals to Modify the Tax Treatment of Expatriation
, pursuant to Public Law 104-7 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Press, 1995).
17.
BusinessWeek
, July 10, 1995, 58–60;
BusinessWeek
, May 1, 1995, 140;
WSJ
, February 8, 1995, B1,
WSJ
, June 2, 1995, A3;
WSJ
, April 19, 1995, 1;
New York Times
(hereafter
NYT)
, April 12, 1995.
18.
“Top Dogs: U.S. Financial Firms Seize Dominant Role in the World Markets,”
WSJ
, January 5, 1996, 1; James H. Johnson, “Realities of the Virtual Enterprise,” unpaginated advertisement,
BusinessWeek
, December 4, 1995; “Developing World Gets More Investment,”
WSJ
, December 15, 1995, A9A; “U.S. Companies Again Hold Wide Lead over Rivals in Direct Investing Abroad,”
WSJ
, December 6, 1995, A2.
19.
On this whole dilemma, see “Disappearing Taxes,”
Economist
, May 31, 1997, 21–23. This magazine argued that if global companies persisted in eluding the taxpayer, the burden of taxation would fall more and more on labor: “In a world of mobile capital, labour is likely to bear a growing share of the tax burden—especially unskilled workers who are least mobile.”
20.
Quoted in Karen Curnow McCluskey, ed.,
Notes from a Traveling Childhood: Readings for Internationally Mobile Parents and Children
(Washington, D.C.: Foreign Service Youth Foundation, 1994), p. 48.
21.
On American unionization in the post–WWII period, see Edward Patterson,
Grand Expectations: The United States, 1945–74
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1996), pp. 40–60, 739–40; and Richard Barnet and John Cavanagh,
Global Dreams: Imperial Corporations and the New World Order
(New York: Simon and Schuster, 1994), pp. 310–13; and Lawrence Mishel, Jared Bernstein, and John Schmitt,
The State of Working America 1998–99
(Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1999), prepared by the Economic Policy Institute, Washington, D.C., pp. 183–89.