Did Muhammad Exist?: An Inquiry into Islam's Obscure Origins (36 page)

39
Nevo and Koren,
Crossroads to Islam
, 250–51.

40
Foss,
Arab-Byzantine Coins
, 63, 65.

41
Mingana, “The Transmission of the Koran,” 102–3.

42
Fred M. Donner, “The Qur'an in Recent Scholarship,” in Gabriel Said Reynolds, ed.,
The Qur'an in Its Historical Context
(New York: Routledge, 2008), 35–36.

43
Ali al-Samhudi,
Wafa al-Wafa bi-akhbar dar al-Mustafa
, ed. Muhammad Muhyi I-Din Abd al-Hamid (Cairo, 1955; repr. Beyrouth: Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyya, 1984), 4 parts in 3 vols. (quoted in Alfred-Louis de Prémare, “‘Abd al-Malik b. Marwan and the Process of the Qur'an's Composition,” in Ohlig and Puin,
The Hidden Origins of Islam
, 205).

44
Ibn Hajar,
Tahdhib
, 2:185n388 (quoted in Prémare, “Abd al-Malik b. Marwan,” 199).

45
Quoted in Nevo and Koren,
Crossroads to Islam
, 387, 389.

46
Quoted in Nevo and Koren,
Crossroads to Islam
, 397.

Chapter 3: Inventing Muhammad

1
Muhammad Ibn Ismail al-Bukhari,
Sahih al-Bukhari: The Translation of the Meanings
, trans. Muhammad M. Khan (Riyadh: Darussalam, 1997), vol. 6, book 65, no. 4584.

2
Asbab Al-Nuzul by Al-Wahidi
, trans. Mokrane Guezzou, on Qur'an 2:44,
http://www.altafsir.com/AsbabAlnuzol.asp?SoraName=2&Ayah=44&search
=yes&img=A.

3
Al-Wahidi
, on Qur'an 5:67.

4
Abu Dawud, 2:31 (quoted in Ignaz Goldziher,
Muslim Studies
, trans. C. R. Barber and S. M. Stern, vol. 2 [New York: George Allen & Unwin Ltd., 1971], 130).

5
Muqtedar Khan, “The Legacy of Prophet Muhammad and the Issues of Pedophilia and Polygamy,”
Ijtihad
, June 9, 2003.

6
Al-Qastellani, X, 342 (quoted in Goldziher,
Muslim Studies
, 34).

7
An-Nasa'i, 1:143 (quoted in Goldziher,
Muslim Studies
, 34–35).

8
Kitab al-Kharaj
, 43, 10; Muslim, 5:287; ad-Darimi, 70; an-Nasa'i, 1:229; Ibn Maja, 18 (quoted in Goldziher,
Muslim Studies
, 37).

9
Nabia Abbott,
Studies in Arabic Literary Papyri, Volume II: Qur'anic Commentary and Tradition
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1967), 7–11. On the controversy over writing down hadiths, see Michael Cook, “The Opponents of the Writing of Traditions in Early Islam,”
Arabica
44 (1977): 437–530.

10
Patricia Crone and Martin Hinds,
God's Caliph: Religious Authority in the First Centuries of Islam
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986), 62.

11
Al-Ya‘qubi, 2:264 (quoted in Goldziher,
Muslim Studies
, 38).

12
Safwat,
Rasa'il
, 2:177 (quoted in Crone and Hinds,
God's Caliph
, 62).

13
Crone and Hinds,
God's Caliph
, 64.

14
Ibid.

15
Abu Dawud, book 14, no. 2744; cf. Goldziher,
Muslim Studies
, 42.

16
Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi, fol. 84b, ed. Hyderabad, 309 (quoted in Goldziher,
Muslim Studies
, 204–5).

17
Al-Khatib,
Taqyid
, 107 (quoted in Goldziher,
Muslim Studies
, 47).

18
As-Suyuti,
Ta'rikh
, 106, 22; 109, 17 (quoted in Goldziher,
Muslim Studies
, 106).

19
Ibn Ishaq,
The Life of Muhammad
, 452; Tabari,
The History of al-Tabari
, trans. Michael Fishbein (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1997), vol. 8, 11.

20
Ibn Ishaq,
The Life of Muhammad
, 452.

21
Tabari,
The History of al-Tabari
, vol. 8, 12.

22
Yaqut, 3:242f (quoted in Goldziher,
Muslim Studies
, 122).

23
Ibn Maja, 102 (quoted in Goldziher,
Muslim Studies
, 45). On the value of a prayer in Mecca, Medina, and Jerusalem, see M. J. Kister, “You Shall Set Out for Three Mosques: A Study of an Early Tradition,”
Le Muséon
82 (1969): 173–96.

24
At-Tabari, vol. 2, 112 (quoted in Goldziher,
Muslim Studies
, 44).

25
Manaqib al-Ansar
, no. 40;
Riqaq
, no. 51; Muslim,
Iman
, no. 360;
Musnad Ahmad
, vol. 3, 9, 50, 55 (quoted in Goldziher,
Muslim Studies
, 105).

26
Ibn Hajar, 1:59 (quoted in Goldziher,
Muslim Studies
, 110).

27
Quoted in Goldziher,
Muslim Studies
, 113.

28
Ad-Damiri, vol. 2, 400 (quoted in Goldziher,
Muslim Studies
, 114).

29
Bukhari,
Sahih al-Bukhari
, vol. 4, book 55, no. 2741; cf. Goldziher,
Muslim Studies
, 114.

30
Bukhari,
Sahih al-Bukhari
, vol. 5, book 62, no. 3675.

31
Ibid., no. 3677.

32
Agh.
, VII, 13 (quoted in Goldziher,
Muslim Studies
, 118).

33
Bukhari,
Sahih al-Bukhari
, vol. 5, book 62, no. 3699.

34
Ibn Ishaq,
The Life of Muhammad
, 514; cf. Goldziher,
Muslim Studies
, 120.

35
Agh.
, 19:54; Yaqut, 4:93 (quoted in Goldziher,
Muslim Studies
, 53–54).

36
Fragm. hist. arab.
, 198 (quoted in Goldziher,
Muslim Studies
, 107).

37
Goldziher,
Muslim Studies
, 108.

38
Bukhari,
Sahih al-Bukhari
, vol. 1, book 4, no. 157.

39
Ibid., book 19, no. 158.

40
Ibid., no. 159.

41
Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj,
Sahih Muslim
, trans. Abdul Hamid Siddiqi (New Delhi: Kitab Bhavan, 2000), book 23, no. 5017.

42
Ibid., no. 5023.

43
Ibid., book 19, no. 4320.

44
Ibid., no. 4321.

45
Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi, fol. 25b, ed. Hyderabad, 84 (quoted in Goldziher,
Muslim Studies
, 55).

46
Agh.
, 9:45, 20 (quoted in Goldziher,
Muslim Studies
, 63).

47
Sulaiman bin Al-Aash‘ath Al-Azdi as-Sijistani,
Sunan Abu Dawud, English Translation with Explanatory Notes
, trans. Ahmad Hasan (New Delhi: Kitab Bhavan, 1990), v.

48
Muhammad Muhsin Khan, introduction to Bukhari,
Sahih al-Bukhari
, 18–19.

49
“Hadith & Sunnah,”
www.islamonline.net
.

50
Goldziher,
Muslim Studies
, 126–27.

51
Al-Jahiz,
Bayan
, fol. 114b (quoted in Goldziher,
Muslim Studies
, 56).

52
Quoted in Goldziher,
Muslim Studies
, 127.

53
Al-Jahiz,
Bayan
, fol. 114b (quoted in Goldziher,
Muslim Studies
, 56).

54
Ad-Darimi, 77 (quoted in Goldziher,
Muslim Studies
, 133).

55
Al-Amali: The Dictations of Sheikh Al-Mufid
, trans. Mulla Asgharali M. M. Jaffer (Middlesex, UK: World Federation of Khoja Shia Ithna-Asheri Muslim Communities, n.d.), 7.

56
Abu Abdullah Muhammad b. Yazid Ibn-i-Maja al-Qazwini,
Sunan ibn-i-Majah
, trans. Muhammad Tufail Ansari (Lahore: Kazi Publications, 1996), vol. 5, no. 4067.

57
Goldziher,
Muslim Studies
, 140–41.

58
Schacht,
Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence
, 166.

59
Ibid., 164.

60
Mohammad Mustafa Azami,
Studies in Early Hadith Literature: With a Critical Edition of Some Early Texts
, third edition (Oak Brook, IL: American Trust Publications, 1992).

61
Harald Motzki, “The
Musannaf
of ‘Abd al-Razzaq al-San‘ani as a Source of Authentic
ahadith
of the First Century
A.H
.,”
Journal of Near Eastern Studies
50 (1991): 16–20 (quoted in Herbert Berg,
The Development of Exegesis in Early Islam
[London: Routledge, 2000], 37).

62
Motzki, “The
Musannaf,”
2 (quoted in Berg,
Development of Exegesis
, 36).

63
Quoted in G. H. A. Juynboll, trans., “Muslim's Introduction to His Sahih Translated and Annotated with an Excursus on the Chronology of
fitna
and
bid‘a
,”
Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam
5 (1984): 277 (quoted in Berg,
Development of Exegesis
, 7).

64
Berg,
Development of Exegesis
, 28.

65
For an excellent discussion of this, see Ibn Warraq's delightful imagined dialogue in
The Quest for the Historical Muhammad
, 38–43.

66
Bukhari,
Sahih al-Bukhari
, vol. 6, book 66, no. 5032.

67
Goldziher,
Muslim Studies
, 62.

68
Ibn Ishaq,
The Life of Muhammad
, 547.

Chapter 4: Switching On the Full Light of History

1
Alfred Guillaume, “Ibn Hisham's Notes,” in Ibn Ishaq,
The Life of Muhammad
, 691.

2
Ibn Ishaq,
The Life of Muhammad
, xxxvi.

3
Ibid.

4
Ibid., xxxvii.

5
Ibid., xxxvii.

6
Ibid., xxxv.

7
Arthur Jeffery, “The Quest of the Historical Muhammad,” in Ibn Warraq,
The Quest for the Historical Muhammad
, 340.

8
Ibn Ishaq,
The Life of Muhammad
, 515.

9
Ehteshaam Gulam, “The Problems with Ibn Ishaq's Sirat Rasoul Allah (Arabic for The Life of Messenger of Allah) and Other Early Sources of Islam and Prophet Muhammad (2009),” Answering Christian Claims,
http://www.answering-christian-claims.com/The-Problems-With-Ibn-Ishaq.html
. The Arabic for “mercy for all the worlds” is more properly transliterated as
Rahmatan lil Alamin.

10
Jeffery, “The Quest of the Historical Muhammad,” 340.

11
Ibn Warraq, “Studies on Muhammad and the Rise of Islam: A Critical Survey,” in Ibn Warraq,
The Quest for the Historical Muhammad
, 25.

12
Johannes J. G. Jansen, “The Gospel According to Ibn Ishaq (d. 773),” paper for the “Skepticism and Scripture” Conference, Center for Inquiry, Davis, California, January 2007.

13
Patricia Crone,
Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1987), 223.

14
Ibid., 224.