Educating Ruby (2 page)

I have a 4-year-old daughter. She is the smartest, sweetest, most delightful girl in the world ever. Honestly, she really is. Her mother and I are in no doubt. However, as important as what we think of our daughter today is what we want for her in the future.

In less than 20 years, the smartphone will have gone from being an exotic luxury to being the prized possession of 80% of the world’s population. It will transform whole industries, wealth distribution and ways of life. As I write, the livelihood of iconic London taxi drivers is being put in jeopardy by the Uber app, which may in turn be transformed in a few years by the widespread adoption of driverless cars.

We hope that our daughter will live for another 90 years. Much of the knowledge she acquires at school is likely to be redundant by the time she starts her first job. Far more important to her working life will be the ability to read the runes and respond healthily to whatever challenges come her way. If she is curious, open minded and has grit she is far more likely to achieve the career objectives she sets herself than merely securing an A* in French. Education needs to instil a love of learning and the confidence to adapt and grow.

But work is only one small part of what will determine the quality of her life. Will she form healthy, romantic relationships? Will she suffer from mood disorder (the most
susceptible group of children are teenage girls in social groups one and two, which will include her)? How will she respond to rejection and exclusion when, inevitably, she experiences them?

Our nation’s leaders are responsible for building a workforce with the skills to secure good jobs and maintain the prosperity of our nation. As a citizen, I expect nothing less. But, as a parent, what matters most to me is that my daughter feels good about who she is, come what may: that she is psychologically healthy and robust. The primary duty for this falls with us, her parents. The science shows emphatically that how we talk with, respond to, set boundaries for and play alongside our children has the greatest impact on their emotional and psychological well-being. This is a responsibility we can all embrace.

But we also need to know that our schools are playing their part. That’s difficult. Heads may not see it as their responsibility to build character, and may not know how. Harried teachers are likely to focus on exam results and Ofsted inspections. To help my daughter develop the traits she will need, schools need ideas, support and a bit of pressure. If we want to give our daughters and sons the best chance in life we need to work with their schools’ governors, teachers and heads.

Professors Claxton and Lucas have given us this invaluable guide as to how to help, based not just on what we should do but also brimming with practical tools, techniques and examples on how to do it. As a parent, I’m immensely grateful. Once you have read this book, I suspect you will be too.

Octavius Black, Co-founder and CEO of the Mind Gym and Parent Gym

Chapter 1

Causes for concern

We talk to lots of people about schools – teachers, parents, children and many others – and we think we have a shrewd idea about what is on people’s minds. So here is what we are assuming about you, our readers. We know that you want the best for your children – your own and the ones you may teach. We think that means, roughly, that you want them to be happy, to lead lives that are rich and fulfilling, to grow up
to be kind and loving partners and loyal friends, and to be free from poverty and fear. We assume this means having a job that is satisfying and makes a decent living. We guess you don’t want your children to be as rich as Croesus if that brings with it being miserable, greedy or anxious.

We also suspect that you did not decide to have a child so that they could contribute to the economic prosperity of the country and become ‘productive members of a world-class workforce’. We don’t imagine that you think about your son or daughter, or the children you teach, as if they were pawns in a national economic policy or in a sociological quest for equity or upward mobility. (We reckon that you know people, as we do, who have real doubts about the idea that the more you make and spend the happier you will be, and who may even have down-sized in order to live in a way that feels more worthwhile or morally satisfying. There are plenty of happy plumbers with good degrees these days.)

And we assume that you would like your child’s school to support you in those general aims. The aims of school do have to be general because we just can’t know what kind of work and lifestyle will ‘deliver’ that quality of life for any individual. Children’s lives will take many twists and turns, as yours and ours have, and whether they turn out to be accountants in Auckland, teachers in Namibia or shepherdesses in Yorkshire, we will want them to have the same general qualities of cheerfulness, kindness, open-mindedness and fulfilment, won’t we? (Please insert your own favourite words to describe those deepest wishes for your children here.)

We suspect that you might still be touched, as we are, by these words on children from Khalil Gibran’s book
The Prophet
(much quoted though they may be):

If your household is full of ‘digital natives’, doing all kinds of wonderful and scary things on social and digital media – or you have ever watched a TV show called
Outnumbered
– you will be in no doubt that “their souls dwell in the house of tomorrow”! A mutual friend of ours was telling us, just the other day, about a conversation with his granddaughter, Edie, who is 12. She was doing something with her mobile phone and Martin asked her what it was. She showed him the app she had discovered for learning Japanese, which she had decided she would teach herself. Often in bed at night she would be listening and practising quietly, under the
bedclothes. Her parents hadn’t a clue what she was up to – she had not felt the need to tell them – and her teachers, earnestly trying to get her to write small essays on ‘the functions of the computer mouse’, certainly had no idea. Will Edie be working in the Tokyo branch of Ernst & Young in 15 years’ time? Who knows.

We make the assumption that you are doing your best to help your children get ready for whatever comes along, both at home and at school, and preferably both together. If you have children of your own at school, we assume you would like the school to be your partner in this crucial enterprise. And if you are a teacher, we assume that you take immense pride in the amazing job you have: helping to launch the lives of hundreds of children in the best way you know how. We are all angling the launch pad, so to speak, so that – whatever they are going to be – they get the best possible send-off. Whether you are helping little ones learn how to tell the time and ‘play nicely’, or bright 17-year-olds to grapple with A level English or the International Baccalaureate’s theory of knowledge module, we’ll assume you don’t want to take your eye off that fundamental intention of getting them ready for life. What could possibly be a more fulfilling way of earning a living?

However, we are also going to imagine that you, like us, have some serious misgivings about what is actually happening in schools. In the boxes scattered throughout the next few pages, and later in the book, there are some stories and quotations from children, their parents and teachers. We’ve put
them there to see if you share some of the same feelings and experiences. The schools and the people we talked to are all real but, in most cases, we’ve changed or removed their names to protect their anonymity.

What are your concerns about the schooling you are providing (if you are a teacher) or your child is getting (if you are a parent)? Of course, many children thrive in school, if they are lucky enough to find one that suits them. They retain their cheerfulness and gentleness, enjoy maths and English, find a sport and a musical instrument they love to play and practice, and are helped to discover and explore the interests and aptitudes that may grow into the basis of a degree and a career. (Though even conspicuous successes like Tom, on page
8
, can have their misgivings.)

But many don’t. A lot of parents and teachers see their ‘bright’ children becoming anxiously fixated on grades and losing the adventurous, enquiring spirit they had when they were small. They study because ‘it is going to be on the test’, not because it is interesting or useful. Or adults see their ‘less able’ children (we’ll query this kind of terminology later on) becoming ashamed of their constant inability to do what is required, and so becoming either actively resistant to school or passive and invisible. Both ends of the achievement spectrum can experience a curious but intense mixture of stress and boredom. The obsession with grades and test scores turns some children into conservative and docile ‘winners’ at the examination game. Many muddle by in the middle, willing to play a game they don’t fully understand.

And some children grow into defeated ‘losers’. Yet these losers (like the talented Jack Dee) are not inherently stupid or lazy. Research shows that they have the potential for highly intelligent and determined problem-solving in real-life settings, but some of them, tragically, have had the learning stuffing knocked out of them by their experience at school, and as a result they are less happy, less creative and less successful than they could be. That is not giving them the best, and it is not nurturing the talent and the grit that would help them to be happy people and thoughtful citizens. Many people’s concerns about school centre on the validity of the examination system, and on the effect that the focus on tests and exams had on them or is having on their children.

For many young people the stressful nature of school is compounded by the sheer pointlessness of much of what they are expected to learn. It is a rare parent (or teacher) who is able to come up with a convincing reason why every 15-year-old needs to know the difference between
metamorphic and igneous rocks or to explain the subplots in
Othello
. Parents often find themselves trapped in a conflict between sympathising with their children about the apparent irrelevance of much of the curriculum and still trying to make them study it. Certainly up to GCSE there is a fear that, if children don’t do their best to knuckle down and ‘get the grades’, their life choices will be forever narrowed and blighted. And, under the present antiquated system, they are quite right to be concerned. The horns of this particular dilemma are sharp and painful.

Teachers may have other quandaries – for example, wanting to impart to their students their own love of reading and literature, and knowing, from bitter experience, that the effect on many 15-year-olds of having to study
The Tempest
or
Jane Eyre
is exactly the opposite. Not everyone is brave (or foolish) enough to be the charismatic, rebellious Robin Williams character (John Keating) from
Dead Poets Society
, or Hector (Richard Griffiths) from
The History Boys
. Politicians who blithely tinker with the set books rarely spend longer in a school than it takes for the photo opportunity to be secured, so have no conception of the damage and distress their doctrinaire beliefs and prejudices may be causing. Many teachers are caught between the rock of their own values and passions and the hard place of examination requirements.