Again, Gary Grant said he could not remember any sexual approach to his victim. "It's like the two little kids— I come to one point and then,
Bam!
I'm at another point. That's just it. I don't know what I've done. Like I heard about the little kids and I wanted to go and
look for them… but then when I do remember, I see up to one point and no further."
The prosecutors tied up their case by introducing into evidence Gary Grant's tennis shoes and the moulages taken at the death site of the two small boys. They matched, right down to the small nicks and scratches that had come with wear.
A girl who had once dated Grant testified that he had given her a present for her birthday, which was two weeks after Joann Zulauf's murder. She said he had presented her with a used woman's wristwatch. "It was made of white metal, and the brand name was Lucien Perreaux." She testified that she used to tease him by asking him why he didn't get paid more for the work he did, since he never seemed to have any money. "When he gave me the watch, he said, 'See, I do get paid for the things I do.' "
As Nick Marshall and James Anderson began their defense, it became apparent that they would make no attempt to deny their client's guilt in the homicides but would, rather, strive to show that Gary Grant was desperately ill— a stunted, warped personality who possessed Jekyll and Hyde characteristics. Gary Grant could be a gentle, accommodating friend who displayed no violence at all, but he could also be possessed by a terrible "unconscious rage."
Friends testified regarding the "good" side of Grant's personality, and two psychiatrists gave some insight into the tremendous anger that sometimes gripped him.
Psychiatrist Dr. Robert Anderson labeled the killings "senseless" and said they might have made sense only if the victims represented hated persons from the defendant's past. He speculated that "Grant may have had no more control over the personality who
committed the murders than we do over our dreams at night."
Dr. George Harris classified Grant as "emotionally ill." Both psychiatrists testified that Grant considered sex "dirty and shameful." Through interviews with friends and relatives, the psychiatrists learned of a background riddled with violence. Grant's navy career was short-lived; he could not adjust to what he considered harsh treatment of fellow recruits by superior officers and was discharged as "unfit for service."
Relatives described Gary Grant as a quiet child who was very disturbed by family fights. Often he was pushed to the breaking point by domestic altercations. The "good" Gary was reduced to tears by the death of a pet kitten and a lizard, which he tried to nurse back to health with tender care. At the mention of the death of the lizard, the defendant's eyes filled with tears as he sat in the courtroom. It was hard to see him as an obsessed killer.
After weeks in trial, the time had come for summations by both the prosecution and the defense. Special Prosecutor Edmund P. Allen faced the jury and calmly related the sequence of events in all four murders. The soft-spoken prosecutor recalled pertinent parts of Grant's confessions and said, "We have an answer for everything. The only real issue in this case is whether or not to invoke the death penalty. I submit, if ever—
if ever—
an appropriate case existed for the death penalty, this is it."
Nick Marshall rose to plead for Gary Grant's life. The red-haired former FBI agent was most accomplished at legal rhetoric. He was one of the more persuasive attorneys around.
"You will recall," he began, "that I warned you the evidence in this case would make you cringe— that
your emotions would be right there in your throat. I will not offer you facts; I will offer you perceptions. I offer you no magic, but I appeal to you as human beings. Four lives have been lost; nothing will bring them back. Now another life hangs in the balance. It is in your hands. You've heard the statements. Nine pages. Six pages. Three pages. In human misery, hopelessness and despair…
"You have heard that Gary Grant was gripped with unconscious rage, that he had no more control over his actions than you do over a dream at night. These crimes were not thought out or premeditated, because he was emotionally ill."
The Grant jury retired at 5:00 P.M. on Monday, August 23. Almost forty-eight hours later, and after eighteen hours of steady deliberation, the jurors sent word that they had reached a verdict. They found Gary Grant guilty of murder in the first degree on all four counts. They did not, however, recommend the death penalty. Instead, they recommended that on each count, Gary Grant was to serve a minimum of thirteen years and eight months and a maximum of his natural life. Judge Soukup ruled that the four sentences were to run consecutively.
* * *
Almost three decades later, Gary Grant still resides in the Washington State Prison at Walla Walla. His parents have died, and he has little connection to the world outside. He is fifty and his first parole hearing will be in 2048. At that time, should he still be alive, he will be ninety-eight years old.
Carole Adele Erickson would be fifty now. Joann Zulauf would be forty-seven. Scott Andrews and Brad Lyons would be thirty-five.
Three decades later, we are still a long way from understanding the psychopathology of the sexual predator. We know only that they are desperately dangerous and almost impossible to rehabilitate. Gary Grant and Arnold Brown both seemed to be gentle people. Their actions and demeanor instilled trust in the people they met. The only promises they ever kept were to the animals they loved so devotedly. When it came to human beings,
they
were the animals.
The Stockholm Syndrome
There is a time-worn belief among lay people that murder will out— that all homicides will eventually be solved and that killers will eventually be prosecuted and found guilty. That is perhaps a comforting thought, but it isn't true.
Two bizarre and inexplicable deaths in an isolated forest in Oregon were almost written off as accidental. It was only through the efforts of some of Oregon's top criminal investigators and prosecutors that the killer was found and convicted.
The investigation began with a paucity of physical evidence, a witness who had been brainwashed, and two deaths that certainly appeared to be tragic accidents. But when it was over, a team from the Oregon attorney general's office uncovered a story of horror and violence that made even the most experienced detective's flesh crawl.
Until the Patty Hearst kidnapping, the mass suicides of Reverend Jim Jones's followers in Guyana, and, more recently, the cult deaths in Waco and southern California, people thought of brainwashing as something that happened only in Korean or Vietnamese prison camps. It's easy to be smug and confident in the safety of one's own living room or at a cocktail party and say, "I could never be programmed to do something like that. There are just some things I would never do."
But the mind is an incredibly complex entity and, given the right circumstances, virtually any mind will crack and begin to believe that black is white, that wrong is right, and that reality no longer has any validity. Brainwashing can take place in an hour or over many days. It is a strategy used in many hostage situations. When ordinary people are held prisoner in banks or planes, some of them will eventually begin to think their captors are good and kind people
simply because they haven't killed them.
When their plans are interrupted, captives move from outrage to fear to passivity and finally to a belief that their captors must possess at least a few tender places in their hearts. When they survive, many hostages feel they owe their lives to the bank robbers or skyjackers. This curious phenomenon is known as the Stockholm Syndrome.
For brainwashing to occur, a human being must be exposed to four basic elements:
1. A severe traumatic shock
2. Isolation— being taken away from the people and surroundings where the person feels secure
3. Programming— hearing what the mind controller wants the subject to believe, over and over and over and over
4. The promise of a reward— often the subject's very life
When all four of these components come into play, the stage is set. Every one of these elements is vital in unraveling the story of Robin* and Hank Marcus* and their seemingly benign meeting with a stranger in the woods.
It was Thursday, July 22, 1976, when Robin and Hank set out from their home in Canby, Oregon, for a camping trip along the Clackamas River near the foothills of Oregon's majestic Mount Hood. The trip was to be a celebration of their first wedding anniversary. Robin was only sixteen, her husband five years older, but they were so much in love that her family didn't object when their beautiful raven-haired daughter wanted to marry. They knew Hank loved Robin and would take care of her. The young couple's happy first year of marriage showed everyone that their decision had been the right one. The trip into Oregon's idyllic wilderness would be like a second honeymoon for the couple.
Hank and Robin lived on a shoestring. They had only sixty dollars to spend on their trip; that immediately eliminated motels and restaurants. They would have to sleep out under the trees or in their car and cook over a campfire. At first they planned to leave Rusty,
their collie, with Robin's grandmother, but she was ill. They certainly couldn't afford to put him in a boarding kennel, so they decided to take him along.
A sense of fatalism would run through all of Robin's eventual recollection of the events of that bizarre weekend. Call it karma, destiny, or what you will. If they had made even some small decisions differently that weekend, Robin's and Hank's lives might have gone on without incident for another fifty years.
Robin initially wanted to go to the Oregon coast, where she and Hank had spent their honeymoon, but Hank chose Austin Hot Springs in the Oregon mountains instead. He wanted to teach her how to fish; it was one of his passions, so she finally capitulated. That made him happy, and they could always go to the coast another time.
But Robin had terrifying dreams the night before their trip. Something indefinable frightened her and she woke knowing only that her nightmares had something to do with their planned outing in the mountains. The next morning she mentioned her fears to a girlfriend, who suggested she take her Bible with her on the trip. "If you have your Bible with you," she said, "you know everything will be all right."
Robin tucked her much-read Bible into her backpack, but she was still afraid. She told Hank about her dreams, and he too admitted that he felt a presentiment of danger, something that was totally unlike him. Just to be on the safe side, he suggested they stop and ask a friend of his to go along with them for the weekend, but the friend wasn't home. They left him a note which read, "We were by to ask you to go to the mountains with us. Sorry you missed the fun!"
The sun was shining, the weather was perfect, and
Robin and Hank tried to shake off their forebodings. They bought fishing licenses and canned food, and they gassed up their car. That left them with about twenty dollars to cover any emergencies.
They drove the twenty miles from Molalla to Estacada, and headed south. Somehow though, they missed the turn leading into the Austin Hot Springs campground and turned instead into the road leading into Bagby Hot Springs. They drove deep into the wilderness before they realized they were heading in the wrong direction. "This road is so much spookier than I remember it," Hank commented when he failed to recognize any landmarks. "In fact, it's so spooky, it gives me the creeps. It's like no other road I've ever been on."
Once they realized they'd taken a wrong turn, they retraced their path. By then they had used up a quarter of a tank of gas, they were running late, and they finally arrived at the Austin Hot Springs campground just as the gates were being locked for the night. All the camping spots were taken.
The park ranger told them they could park outside and walk back in. "You can cook your supper, take a dip in the hot springs, and you can fish, just so long as you don't camp inside the park tonight."
Robin and Hank cooked dinner, laughed at some people who were skinny-dipping, and took Rusty for a walk in the woods. They felt better and their spooky feelings now seemed silly.
Still, they didn't want to camp alone; they wanted to park near other campers, and they finally found an enclave of Russian families and parked their sedan close to them. They slept in the car with the doors locked. They were having a restless night with Rusty jumping
on them and whining. They finally got up, made their way down to the Clackamas River by flashlight, and gave the dog a drink of water. Then they returned to the car and settled down for the night.
They woke at six the next morning. It was Friday, July 23. The park ranger said there was a spot available inside the park now and he directed them to the campsite. Robin cooked breakfast while Hank fished. But he had no luck, and they swam in the hot springs instead. There were people all around them, including the families they'd met the night before, and Robin felt safe enough when Hank headed farther upriver to try his luck again.
The only bad moment she experienced was when a man yelled at her for letting Rusty swim in the springs. "They're for people, not dogs," he complained. "You could get slapped with a $500 fine."
"He's probably cleaner than you, most likely," she'd called back, as she tugged the collie out of the water.
Hank was gone fishing a long time, at least two hours, and Robin began to worry. When he finally showed up, he was grinning and soaked to the skin. "You almost lost me," he laughed. "I was helping some of those Russians ford the river with a rope and I hit a sinkhole and started going under some white water— until I grabbed a branch and got my footing."
Robin had been so worried that she was mad at him at first, but she relented. "I'm sorry I yelled at you," she apologized. "I thought something had happened to you, and I got scared."
Hank Marcus was a big man— 6 feet tall, 185 pounds. He was fully capable of taking care of both of them. He soothed Robin, pointing out all the people around them, saying there just wasn't anything for her
to be so afraid of. She was timid without him, though, and tended to worry far more than she needed to.
It was a good afternoon. They frolicked in the hot springs and talked to the Russian families. One of the men made a pass at Robin as he carried her across the river and she deliberately stepped on his boat, swamping it. Later, Hank laughed when she told him what she'd done. He wasn't jealous of her; he had no need to be.
But Hank was disappointed with the trip so far; he still hadn't caught any fish, so they broke camp and headed up the road to give it another try. Robin cooked a late lunch while Hank tried out the new fishing spot. They said grace before they ate, as they always did.
That evening, while it was still light out, they drove farther and farther downstream looking for signs of fish in the river. They passed a lone man fishing and asked him if the fish were biting. He shrugged and said, "I haven't caught anything all day." So they kept on driving.
They came upon another fisherman, who told them he had only caught three fish all afternoon, "and they weren't keepers." But he told them he'd heard that a truckload of fish had been dumped into the Colawash River earlier in the week. "Ask about that up at the ranger station," he suggested.
Hank and Robin were undecided whether to stay or head home. Their gas was getting dangerously low now, and they hadn't found any good fishing at all. For Hank's sake, Robin suggested they try just one more spot before going home.
The road they chose took them deep into the woods as the long shadows of evening closed over them. They came upon a small boat-launch area near the North Fork Dam and stopped to watch some children playing in the river. They were parked at the side of the road
when a red pickup pulled up. It was an old truck, road-worn and mud-covered, with a broken tailgate and a crumpled bumper. The lone occupant was a short youngish man. He left his engine running as he got out and ran up the fish ladder.
Hank Marcus went over to talk to the stranger. Robin waited in their car; the windows were open, and she could hear snatches of their conversation. Hank was telling the man that the fishing prospects seemed to be nil in the area. "All we found were a couple of suckers," he said.
The stranger didn't even turn to look at Hank. He mumbled something and kept staring out at the river. But when Robin got out of the car and walked toward the two men, the man turned to look at her and she felt his eyes burning into her. "It was almost as if he'd never seen a woman before," she recalled. "He lit up like a Christmas tree."
Suddenly he smiled and turned back to Hank. "I know where they just dumped a whole truckload of fish," he said. "I was just up there working when they dumped them off the bridge. That's where I'm headed."
Since the other fisherman had also told them about the fish dump, it seemed reasonable that this stranger, who said his name was Tom, was telling the truth. Hank was really tempted, but he worried about his nearly empty gas tank. Tom told them that it wasn't that far— they had more than enough gas to make it, adding, "Besides, I can go to town in the morning and bring back gas if you run low."
They decided to follow Tom to the place where he said he'd seen the fresh dump of fish. The two-vehicle caravan wended its way slowly down the deserted road. At one point, Tom pulled the truck over and suggested that they ride with him so that they wouldn't run out of
gas, but Robin shook her head, and Hank shrugged. She wanted to stay in their own car; the feeling of uneasiness that had plagued her for the past two days had returned.
"Just where is this spot?" Hank asked.
"Just beyond the Bagby Hot Springs Road."
Hank and Robin looked at each other; that was the road that had frightened them when they'd taken it by mistake the day before. It had given them both goose pimples on a hot day. They whispered to each other about turning back, but they finally decided to go on. "It's silly for us to be afraid of a road," Hank reassured Robin.
They passed a man and his daughter they'd camped with the night before, and Robin felt better; they were nice, normal people and seeing them here on this road allayed her fears.
Hank looked over at Robin and grinned. "See, things always work out. It's neat that we met Tom. If we hadn't been at the dam at that precise minute, we wouldn't have had this chance to catch some fish. We probably would have just gone home and lost the whole weekend."
Up ahead, Tom turned onto an old dirt road that was bumpy and deeply rutted. They could no longer see much of the landscape because the sun had dropped below the horizon, and it was that time of evening between dusk and full dark. They pulled in behind the glowing taillights of Tom's red pickup.
They lit a fire, and Tom pulled out a bottle of liquor and offered them a drink. To be polite, they each took a little sip. Then Tom pulled something out of his truck. It was a milk carton with a dead bird in it. "See this?" he bragged. "I picked it off on the way down here."
Robin felt her stomach turn over. "We don't believe
in killing things for sport," she murmured. "Not unless you have to— for food."
"Oh, don't worry," Tom said. "I plan on eating it."
After they ate, Tom grabbed a rifle from his truck and called to Hank and Robin to join him on a walk. They came to a clearing in the midst of the lowering pine and fir forest and Tom told them that this was where he did his hunting. "If we got a deer, we could eat only the hindquarters. We could be wasteful masters," he said. It was an odd term. Robin had never heard it before.
"That's illegal," Hank said.
Tom only laughed and shrugged.
They shared Tom's binoculars, and there was just enough light to see a deer foraging in the clearing and, farther on, some bear cubs playing. Tom raised his gun, sighting in on them, but he didn't shoot. Robin heard him cock the gun, and she quickly turned her back in disapproval and horror. She tugged on Hank's arm and pleaded, "I want to go back to camp right now. If he shoots a cub, the mother will kill all of us!"