Exceptional (34 page)

“like a beautiful flower?”:
McCullough,
Truman,
p. 459.

council was adjourned:
Ibid.

“teletyped to Washington”: Time,
August 20, 1945, p. 20.

dispatch from the War Department:
Ibid.

remained on his throne:
Ibid., p. 21.

“Declaration are achieved”:
Ibid.

“surrender of Japan”:
Harry S. Truman: “The President's News Conference,” August 14, 1945, American Presidency Project,
http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=12383
.

broke into cheers: Time,
August 20, 1945, p. 19.

failed to use it:
McCullough,
Truman,
p. 439.

“countrymen in the face”:
Stimson,
Harper's,
p. 106.

spotlight shone: Time,
December 4, 1944.

“as its keystone”:
Roberts,
History of the English-Speaking Peoples Since 1900,
p. 304.

“the next millennium”:
Atkinson,
An Army at Dawn,
p. 3.

“Armies and Navies”:
William Manchester,
The Glory and the Dream: A Narrative History of America, 1932–1972
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1973), p. 386.

“of the Free World”:
Roberts,
A History of the English-Speaking Peoples Since 1900,
350.

“fight like hell”:
“Eisenhower Says We'll Fight Like Hell for Peace,”
Evening Independent,
November 22, 1944,
https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=950&dat=19441121&id=8fRPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=HFUDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5032,5008271&hl=en
.

“to unparalleled might“:
Eisenhower,
Crusade in Europe,
loc. 180.

“to the Arctic Sea”:
Lincoln Barnett, “General Marshall: Commander and Creator of America's Greatest Army,”
Life,
January 3, 1944, p. 54.

Shortly before 10
P.M.
: Nicolaus Mills,
Winning the Peace: The Marshall Plan & America's Coming of Age as a Superpower
(Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2008), loc. 1835.

with a red pencil:
Ibid., loc. 1846.

“the time after that”:
Cray,
General of the Army,
p. 605.

It was Soviet policy:
Ibid.

“Communism thrived on”:
Forrest C. Pogue,
George C. Marshall,
vol. 4,
Statesman, 1945–1959
(New York: Viking, 1987), p. 196.

“they could not be”:
George C. Marshall, oral history interview with Forrest C. Pogue, November 14, 1956, cited in Pogue
, Statesman,
p. 196.

“the Iron Curtain”:
Robert Murphy,
Diplomat Among Warriors
(New York: Praeger, 1976), p. 342, cited in Pogue,
Statesman,
p. 196.

“meaningless election on earth”: Time,
February 18, 1946, p. 29.

were on the ballot:
Ibid.

vote in Moscow:
Ibid.

capitalist system survived:
John Lewis Gaddis,
The United States and the Origins of the Cold War
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1972), p. 299.

“since V-J Day”: Time,
February 18, 1946, p. 29.

read the speech with care:
Interview with Paul Nitze, CNN,
Cold War,
Episode 2, “Iron Curtain 1945–1947.”

“is to be secure”:
Telegram, George Kennan to George Marshall [“Long Telegram”], February 22, 1946, Harry S. Truman Administration File, Elsey papers, Part Five, p. 14,
https://www.trumanlibrary.org/whistlestop/study_collections/coldwar/documents/pdf/6-6.pdf
.

“peaceful and stable world”:
George G. Kennan, “The Sources of Soviet Conduct,”
Foreign Affairs,
July 1947,
https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/russian-federation/1947-07-01/sources-soviet-conduct
.

“messages were shockers”:
Dean Acheson,
Present at the Creation: My Years at the State Department
(New York: Norton, 1969), p. 217.

insurrection was under way:
Roberts,
A History of the English-Speaking Peoples Since 1900,
p. 410.

against the Soviet threat:
Acheson,
Present at the Creation,
p. 217.

“break up the play”:
Ibid., p. 219.

“not a free one”:
Address of the President to Congress, Recommending Assistance to Greece and Turkey, March 12, 1947, Harry S. Truman Administration, Elsey Papers,
https://www.trumanlibrary.org/whistlestop/study_collections/doctrine/large/documents/index.php?pagenumber=1&documentdate=1947-03-12&documentid=5-9
.

“suppression of personal freedoms”:
Ibid.

“destinies in their own ways”:
Ibid.

“welfare of our own Nation”:
Ibid.

majorities in both houses:
Acheson,
Present at the Creation,
p. 225.

assist the European recovery:
Mills,
Winning the Peace,
p. 108.

“placed upon our country”:
George C. Marshall Remarks at Harvard University, June 5, 1947, Transcription Version,
http://marshallfoundation.org/marshall/the-marshall-plan/marshall-plan-speech/
.

his prepared remarks:
John T. Bethell, “The Ultimate Commencement Address,”
Harvard Magazine,
May 1977,
https://harvardmagazine.com/1997/05/marshall.html
.

twelve-minute speech:
Ibid.

understood its significance:
Ibid.

sixteen European countries:
“History of the Marshall Plan,” George C. Marshall Foundation,
http://marshallfoundation.org/marshall/the-marshall-plan/history-marshall-plan/
.

in 2015 dollars:
Bureau of Labor Statistics, CPI Inflation Calculator,
http://www.bls.gov/data/inflation_calculator.htm/
.

to outline assistance needs:
Acheson,
Present at the Creation,
p. 234.

conference in Paris:
Ibid., p. 235.

ordered them not to attend:
CNN
Cold War,
Episode 3, “Marshall Plan, 1947–1952.”

“as Stalin's slave”:
Interview with Antonin Sum, ibid.

“nothing against the state”:
Anne Applebaum,
Iron Curtain: The Crushing of Eastern Europe, 1944–1956
(New York: Doubleday, 2012), loc. 178.

secret police forces:
Ibid., loc. 339.

radio stations:
Ibid., loc. 348.

ethnic cleansing:
Ibid., loc. 357.

young people's organizations:
Ibid., loc. 348.

“observation and restraint”:
Ibid., loc. 358.

“own the future”:
Ibid., loc. 3447.

trains loaded with coal:
Air Force Historical Support Division, “The Berlin Airlift,” Fact Sheet, June 28, 2012,
http://www.afhso.af.mil/topics/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id+17711
.

and other supplies:
Harry S. Truman Presidential Library, Berlin Airlift Fact Sheet,
https://www.trumanlibrary.org/educ/presidentialyears/22-Berlin%20Airlift.doc
.

“plant of East Germany”:
Roberts,
A History of the English-Speaking Peoples Since 1900,
p. 382.

“could dispel these fears”:
Harry S. Truman,
Memoirs: 1946–52, Years of Trial and Hope
(New York: Doubleday, 1956), loc. 6635.

Treaty was signed:
Ibid., loc. 6671.

“in France's cemeteries?”:
Roberts,
A History of the English-Speaking Peoples Since 1900,
p. 469.

state of Israel:
Martin Gilbert,
Israel: A History
(New York: Harper Perennial, 2008), p. 186.

“idea of a Jewish state”:
Truman,
1946–1952, Years of Trial and Hope,
loc. 4330.

pulled out:
Gilbert, p. 191.

not include South Korea:
Secretary of State Dean Acheson, Remarks at the National Press Club, January 12, 1950,
https://web.viu.ca/davies/H102/Acheson.speech1950.htm
.

invade the South:
John Lewis Gaddis,
The Cold War: A New History
(New York: Penguin Press, 2005), p. 42.

in Indochina:
Ibid.

June 24, 1950:
Truman,
1946–1952, Years of Trial and Hope,
p. 332.

withdraw its forces immediately:
Ibid., p. 336.

to the South Korean army:
Ibid.

“back away from it”:,
Ibid., p. 334.

worldwide dimensions:
Ibid., p. 337.

amphibious assault:
McCullough,
Truman,
loc. 15575.

imprisonment, and starvation:
Stephane Courtois et al. and Mark Kramer,
The Black Book of Communism
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999), pp. 463–64, cited in Lee Edwards, PhD, “The Legacy of Mao Zedong Is Mass Murder,” Heritage Foundation, February 2, 2010,
http://www.heritage.org/research/commentary/2010/02/the-legacy-of-mao-zedong-is-mass-murder
.

died in combat:
Department of Veterans Affairs, “America's Wars Fact Sheet,” May 2015,
http://www.va.gov/opa/publications/factsheets/fs_americas_wars.pdf
.

“intentions of the West”:
President Ronald Reagan, Address to Members of the British Parliament, June 8, 1982,
http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2002/06/reagans-westminster-speech
.

thermonuclear bomb:
McCullough,
Truman,
loc. 14752.

“working on an H-bomb”:
Paul H. Nitze,
From Hiroshima to Glasnost: At the Center of Decision
(New York: Grove Weidenfeld, 1989), p. 90.

directly to the president:
Acheson,
Present at the Creation,
p. 349.

cut the presentation short:
Nitze,
From Hiroshima to Glasnost,
p. 91.

“of the individual”:
“NSC 68: United States Objectives and Programs for National Security, A Report to the President Pursuant to the President's Directive of January 31, 1950,” April 14, 1950, Part II,
http://fas.org/irp/offdocs/nsc-hst/nsc-68.htm
.

“to their authority”:
Ibid., Part III.

“its fundamental design”:
Ibid., Part V.

of the free world:
Ibid., Part IX, D.

“military position weakened”:
Acheson,
Present at the Creation,
p. 376.

“to their enemies”:
NSC 68, Part VIII.

“We will bury you”:
“Raging Soviet Boss Shouts at the West: We Will Bury You,”
Sarasota Journal,
November 19, 1956, p. 1.

“compared to rockets”: Time,
November 25, 1957, p. 27.

“just as vulnerable”:
Ibid.

merits of communism versus capitalism:
see Transcript, “The Kitchen Debate,” July 24, 1959, Vice President Richard Nixon and Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev, U.S. Embassy, Moscow, Soviet Union,
http://www.foia.cia.gov/sites/default/files/document_conversions/16/1959-07-24.pdf
; Harrison E. Salisbury, “Nixon and Khrushchev Argue in Public as U.S. Exhibit Opens; Accuse Each Other of Threats,”
New York Times,
July 24, 1959; “1959: Khrushchev and Nixon Have War of Words,” BBC, On This Day,
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july24/newsid_2779000/2779551.stm
.

“our military establishment”:
President Dwight Eisenhower, Farewell Address, January 17, 1961,
http://www.eisenhower.archives.gov/research/online_documents/farewell_address/Reading_Copy.pdf
.

followed events closely:
William Manchester,
The Glory and the Dream,
p. 1112.

refugees from the East:
Aleksandr Fursenko and Timothy Naftali,
Khrushchev's Cold War: The Inside Story of an American Adversary
(New York: Norton, 2006), p. 355.

would respond militarily:
Ibid., p. 364.

“Roughest thing in my life”:
Manchester,
The Glory and the Dream,
p. 1115.

“intimidated and blackmailed”:
Ibid.

days of August alone: Time,
August 25, 1961, p. 20.

“steel on cobblestones”:
Ibid.

“As the troops arrived at scores of border points”:
Ibid.

“bullets, bayonets, and barricades”:
Ibid.