From Prejudice to Persecution: A History of Austrian Anti-Semitism (9 page)

Read From Prejudice to Persecution: A History of Austrian Anti-Semitism Online

Authors: Bruce F. Pauley

Tags: #History, #Jewish, #Europe, #Austria & Hungary, #Social Science, #Anthropology, #Cultural, #Discrimination & Race Relations, #test

 

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UCF presidents Trevor Colbourn and Steven Altman as well as Vice President for Academic Affairs Richard Astro, Vice President for Research Michael Bass, and the dean of the College of Arts and Sciences, Edward Sheridan, were all important to this project in creating an atmosphere conducive to research.
Numerous individuals within the Jewish community of Central Florida have shown a keen interest in this project and have been supportive in many ways. I am especially indebted to Mrs. Tess Wise, executive director of the Holocaust Memorial Resource and Education Center of Central Florida, who has enthusiastically assisted my work almost since its inception and who put me in contact with several Austrian Jewish refugees now living in the Central Florida area. All of those refugees, whose names are mentioned in the bibliography, helped give me a greater appreciation of what it was like to be a Viennese Jew in the First Austrian Republic and immediately after the Anschluss. The Holocaust Center, with the funding of Yumi and Hedy Schleifer, also provided me with a scholarship that made possible my studies in Jerusalem.
More recently, several colleagues at the University of Central Florida and around the country have selflessly devoted countless hours to reading my manuscript and providing me with indispensable suggestions for its improvement. Pride of place clearly belongs to Professor Donald L. Niewyk of Southern Methodist University who meticulously and expeditiously read both the first and second drafts of the manuscript and saved me from numerous errors and contradictions. Professor John Haag of the University of Georgia was particularly helpful on matters regarding his specialty, the history of the University of Vienna. Professor Robert Schwarz, emeritus of Florida Atlantic University, offered me the unique insights of a scholar and Austrian Jewish refugee. My colleague at the University of Central Florida, Moshe Pelli, director of the Judaic Studies Program, was a treasury of information on questions regarding the broader aspects of Jewish history. Professor Elmar B. Fetscher of the UCF history department generously volunteered to proofread portions of the first draft. A former colleague at the University of Wyoming, Professor Emeritus William R. Steckel, provided me with three unique photographs he took in Vienna shortly after the German annexation.
I must also mention three people especially close to me who have always been an inspiration in my labors. From my mother, Blanche M. Pauley, I inherited a love of reading. My father, Carroll R. Pauley, first introduced me to the fascinations of history when I was a child by taking our family to many exciting historical sites in both Europe and the United States. I deeply regret that he did not live to see the final product of this study. My wife, Marianne,

 

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who proofread my manuscript, patiently endured the sacrifice of countless excursions and evenings out in order to make a timely conclusion to this project possible.
Finally, I welcome the comments and questions of interested readers, particularly those people who personally experienced events described in this book. Please write me in care of the Department of History, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, or telephone (407) 823-2224.

 

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ABBREVIATIONS
The following abbreviations and acronymns are used in the notes and, where indicated by an asterisk, also in the text. For a list of abbreviations of newspapers, see the Bibliography.
AB
Deutschösterreichischer Schutzverein Antisemitenbund; German-Austrian Protective Association League of AntiSemites
AK
Kammer für Arbeiter und Angestellte in Wien, Abteilung: Dokumentation; Chamber for Workers and Employees in Vienna, Documentation Department
AVA
Allgemeines Verwaltungsarchiv; General Administrative Archive, Vienna
A/W
Austria/Wien (Vienna)
AZ
Arbeiter-Zeitung
(Vienna)
BJF
Bund jüdischer Frontsoldaten Österreichs; League of Jewish Front Soldiers of Austria
BKA
Bundeskanzleramt; Office of the Federal Chancellery
CAHJP
Central Archives for the History of the Jewish People, Jerusalem
CSP*
Christlichsoziale Partei; Christian Social Party of Austria
CZA
Central Zionist Archives, Jerusalem
DB
Deutsche Burschenschaft; German Fraternity Association
DGFP
Documents on German Foreign Policy, 19181945
doc.
document
DÖTZ
Deutschösterreichische Tages-Zeitung
DÖW
Dokumentationsarchiv des Österreichischen Widerstandes; Documentation Archive of the Austrian Resistance, Vienna
EB
Der eiserne Besen
(Salzburg)
FKV
Frontkämpfervereinigung; Front Fighters' Association
FRUS
Papers Related to the Foreign Relations of the United States

 

 

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GDVP*
Grossdeutsche Volkspartei; Greater German People's Party of Austria
IKG*
Israelitische Kultusgemeinde; Jewish Religious Community
K.
Karton; carton
NA
National Archives, Washington, D.C.
n.d.
no date
NS
Nationalsozialistische; National Socialist
NSDAP*
Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei; National Socialist German Workers' Party or Nazi Party
NS-P
Nationalsozialistische Parteistellen; National Socialist Party documents of Gau Vienna
R.
reel number
SA
Sturmabteilung; Storm Division or Storm Troopers of the Nazi Party
SD
Sozialdemokratische; Social Democratic
SDAP*
Sozialdemokratische Arbeiterpartei; Social Democratic Workers' Party of Austria
Slg. Sch.
Sammlung Schumacher; Schumacher collection of Austrian Nazi correspondence in the Bundesarchiv of Koblenz, Germany
SS
Schutzstaffeln; Protective Guards of the Nazi Party
T-
microfilm series number; National Archives, Captured German Documents

 

 

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A NOTE ON TERMINOLOGY
A number of (mostly German) terms used in the text need to be defined at the outset. In many cases these terms have no commonly accepted English equivalent and have therefore been left untranslated. An exception is the name of large cities such as Vienna and Cracow whose English-language names are well known. For lesser-known cities such as Lemberg (Lvov), Brünn (Brno), and Czernowitz (Cernauti), the German names by which they were best known in Austria prior to the Second World War have been retained. To avoid the overuse of italics, names of organizations and frequently used foreign words have not been italicized.
1.
Aryan
. Racists used this term to refer to Europeans who could presumably trace their ancestry back to ancient Persia. In the interwar years, however, it was generally used by both gentiles and Jews simply to refer to non-Jewish Europeans. Between the wars, the term did not have quite the racist and negative connotations it has today.
2.
Assimilationist, assimilationism
. Austrian Jews used these terms to describe Jews who strove for complete cultural and social integration into Austrian society. Those Jews who favored assimilation generally did not intend to abandon all sense of Jewish identity. The terms were used in a positive sense by the Union of Austrian Jews, but in a pejorative way by Zionists.
3.
Burschenschaften
. Nationalistic German-language fraternities that were first founded in the late Napoleonic period. They were hotbeds of German nationalism and antiSemitism in Germany and even more so in Austria before and after the First World War.
4.
Deutsche Studentenschaft
. An association of Burschenschaften in Germany, Austria, Danzig, and the Germanspeaking parts of Czechoslovakia. The Nazis took over the leadership of the international association in the summer of 1931.

 

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5.
Gymnasium, Gymnasien
. Secondary school or schools emphasizing classical subjects like ancient Greek and Latin. In interwar Austria they were favored by Jews over the more practical secondary schools called
Realschulen
.
6.
Heimwehr
, or Home Guard. A paramilitary organization founded in Austria in 1919 to protect the southern states of Carinthia and Styria against the territorial ambitions of the South Slavs. After 1920 it evolved more and more into an anti-Marxist organization and advocated antiSemitism.
7.
Hochschule, Hochschulen
. The literal translation ''high schools" is likely to be confused by the American reader with "secondary schools." Hochschulen were actually institutions of higher learning such as universities and their colleges and institutes. They were centers of antiSemitism in interwar and pre-World War I Austria, especially in Vienna.
8.
Israelitische Kultusgemeinde
(IKG), or Jewish Community Organization. Every sizable Jewish community in Central Europe after the mid-nineteenth century had its own organization, which regulated religious and social welfare matters pertaining to Jews. Every Jew in the locality was automatically a member unless he formally renounced his Jewish identity. After the founding of modern Zionism by Theodor Herzl in the 1890s, Kultusgemeinden became centers of a power struggle between Zionists and assimilationists.
9.
Juden hinaus!
or Jews get out! The battle cry of antiSemites, especially at Austrian universities where Jewish students were frequently ordered out of their classrooms and then beaten up by racist students.
10.
Judenrein
. To be free of Jews, or without any Jewish influence.
11.
Judenschutztruppen
. Protective guard of Jews; "Jew lovers."
12.
Middle school
. A secondary school in Central Europe; not to be confused with middle schools in the United States, which serve younger pupils.
13.
Numerus clausus
. A Latin term meaning "closed number." In practice it was a common demand of Austrian antiSemites that Jews in any particular institution or profession be limited to no more than their numerical percentage. It did not mean, however, that Jews would be guaranteed proportional representation in any given institution.
14.
Ostjuden
. Eastern Jews or Jews from Eastern Europe. In Austria this term usually referred to Jews who had come from the predominantly Polish-speaking province of Galicia in the AustroHungarian Monarchy. Such Jews were regarded by both gentiles and assimilated Jews as being relatively coarse, backward, and poorly educated. Anti-Semitic allegations were made most frequently against these Ostjuden.
15.
Parteigenossen
, or party comrades. A term used especially by Nazis to refer to party members.

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