Frozen in Time (28 page)

Keenleyside, Anne, 247

King William Island: Beattie expeditions, 107–11, 118–39; description and geography, 11; explored by search expeditions, 79–80, 93, 95–99; map and naming of,
ix,
26–27; in Northwest Passage, 92; overland travel, Franklin party, 75–76; visited by Rasmussen, Burwash, 101–2.
See also
“Boat place”; Booth Point

Kowal, Walt: field team 1982, 118–39; field team 1984, 152, 157–58, 165, 179–84; field team 1986, 201, 202–3, 205, 211–12, 223–33; hair sample testing, 239

Lead: in bones, 111, 140–41, 194–95; in exhumed hair and soft tissues, 144–47, 194–95, 235–36, 239–40, 244–47; exposure, Victorian and current, 142–44, 181, 236–38, 244–55; isotope ratios, 245–46

Lead poisoning and Franklin expedition: Beattie's hypothesis and tests, 140–47, 235–36; contemporary warnings, 247–48; evidence from De Long's expedition, 249–53; evidence from human remains, 194–95, 239–41, 246–47; isotope analysis, 245–46

Le Vesconte, Henry T.D., 96

Logs and books, 41, 75, 81, 86–87, 99, 198

Lung diseases, in exhumed Franklin crew, 186, 193–94, 219, 238–39, 241

Martin, Robert, 45–46

Mathias, Henry, death of, 54–55

McClure, Robert, 58–59, 68–69

M'Clintock, Francis Leopold, 20, 51–53, 56, 78–90, 94

Monuments and memorials, 79, 96, 100, 130, 161,
162,
163

Morgan, Thomas, death of, 68, 160–61

News and commentary, on Arctic exploration:
Athenaeum,
56, 78;
Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine,
76, 242–43;
Edmonton Journal,
102;
Household Words,
113–14;
Illustrated London News,
40–41, 55–56, 60, 74, 91, 94, 99;
Last Voyage of Capt. John Ross,
29;
London Gazette,
73;
North Georgia Gazette and Winter Chronicle,
22;
Times
(London), 35, 41, 43, 65, 147;
Toronto Globe,
58, 74–75, 91

Northumberland House,
viii,
162,
163

Northwest Passage, 18–35, 67, 68, 90–94, 100, 251

Notes: describing Franklin expedition fate, 81–85, 129; left by James Ross sledging party, 52; none at Beechey Island cairn, 64; none at the “boat place,” 87; pointing finger, 98; in Torrington's grave, 177; Victory Point, 122–23

Notman, Derek, 202, 204, 210–14, 217, 230–32, 241

Nungaq, Joelee, 152, 154, 201–5, 214, 217–18, 223–30

Officers, of ships, 27–28, 36–40, 83, 241, 259–61.
See also
Shipboard life

Ommanney, Erasmus, 58–60, 64–65

Osborn, Sherard, 60, 62, 63, 65, 66, 90

Overland travel and sledging: Beattie (1982), 120–24, 127–30, 131–35; early expeditions, 21–22, 26–28, 37–38; Franklin party, 74–76, 85, 86–88; river crossings, 131–33; search expeditions, 51–55, 70–71, 72, 89–90, 97; sledges, 63, 86, 107–8, 126–27; and snowmobiles, 107–8

Overwintering, 21–29, 48–51, 53, 61–63, 69–71.
See also
Shipboard life

Parry, William Edward, 21–26, 36, 156

Peglar, Harry, notebook of, 81

Penny, William, 59, 61, 161

Permafrost: excavation in, 157–58, 202–3, 222–24; and ice in graves, 168–69, 181, 205–6; in mud flats, 133; preservation of human remains, 145–46, 158–59, 193

Photography, 41, 154, 190, 201, 205, 222.
See also
X-ray studies

Plaques, on exhumed coffins, 166–67, 182–83, 187, 188, 224–26

“Polar Failure,” 18–20

Preservation, of archaeological materials, 125, 145–46, 158–59, 176, 191–93, 232–33.
See also
Artefacts and debris; Human remains

Prince of Wales,
45

Radios, in fieldwork, 120, 130–31

Rae, John, 5, 7, 47–48, 59, 74–76, 85, 113–14

Rasmussen, Knud, 101–2, 103

Reburial.
See
Burials

Richards, George Henry, 20, 67

Robertson, John, 50–51, 55, 56

Ross, James Clark: and debility, 20, 249; early expeditions, 26–27, 33–35, 85; rescue expedition for Franklin, 47–57; Victory Point cairn, 83, 122–23

Ross, Sir John, 21, 25–30, 59, 103

Royal Canadian Mounted Police, 100, 110, 146–47

Royal Navy: broadarrow mark, 124; diet, scurvy and debility, 14–15, 22, 24–25, 33, 254; discipline vs. cannibalism, 113–14; exploration of the Northwest Passage, 18–35; Franklin's career in, 36–37; “Polar Failure,” 18–20

Ruszula, Geraldine, 152, 159–60, 165, 169, 177

Savelle, James, 12, 107–12, 201–3, 217–18, 223–33

Schwatka, Frederick, 96–99, 114–15, 118, 129, 130, 132

Schweger, Barbara, 202, 204, 210, 214

Scurvy: in Arctic exploration, 18–35, 253; evidence of, in Franklin party bones, 14, 16–17, 136; and Franklin expedition failure, 86, 103–4; in Franklin search expeditions, 50–51, 55, 57, 67–72, 88–90; Inuit reports of, 98; in maritime history, 14–17; symptoms, 15, 142.
See also
Antiscorbutics; Debility, illness and death on expeditions; Lead poisoning and Franklin expedition

Shipboard life, 22–23, 41–42, 48–49, 69–71.
See also
Overwintering

Shrouds, 97, 170, 184, 206–7, 226, 228

Skeletons.
See
Human remains

Sledging.
See
Overland travel and sledging

Somerset House, 27–28, 53

Spenceley, Brian, 200, 201, 206

Starvation, 38, 74–76, 103, 114–17, 250

Stefansson, Vilhjalmur, 102–4

St. Roch
, 100

Sutherland, Peter, 65–66, 72, 181, 186–87, 206

Technology, Victorian, 16, 35, 236–38, 242–43, 253–55

Tennyson, Alfred Lord, 76, 100

Terror,
HMS.
See
Erebus,
HMS and
Terror,
HMS

Thoreau, Henry David, 64

Tin cans: in Beechey Island cairn, 64, 179–81, 203–4; in Inuit cache, 98; Inuit reports of, 101; lead solder, 142–43, 181; on Montreal Island, 76; opening of, 22, 24; recycling of,
144;
Victorian canning technology, 16, 236–38

Tinned food: advantages and use by Royal Navy, 15, 24–25, 33; on Arctic expeditions, 22–25, 28, 32, 41, 44, 48, 52–53, 70, 86, 240, 251–54; Inuit reports of, 96, 98–99; as lead source, 142–43, 236–38; as putative antiscorbutic, 15–16, 68, 104; spoilage and quality, 56–57, 64–65, 180–81

Torrington, John, 3, 62, 73, 145,
155,
157–77, 192–98

Trace element analysis, 111, 140–41, 144–47, 194–95, 235–36, 239–40, 245–47

Tungilik, Arsien, 119, 126–27

University of Alberta, 12, 16, 105

Victorian society: Crimean War, 76; equipment hauled by Franklin party, 86–88; “exhibit” of “Esquimaux,” 73–74; image of polar regions,
20;
Romanticism, 4, 77–78, 79; sources of lead poisoning, 141–44, 236–38, 244–55.
See also
Technology, Victorian

Victory,
25–27

Water: drinking, on Beechey Island, 157; in graves, 158–59, 202; for melting permafrost, in excavations, 168–69, 184, 205, 206, 229, 230; meltwater and overland travel, 108, 121; shortage, in Kane expedition, 70; for X-ray development, 211–12

Weather and climate: field season, 1982, 121, 134, 165; field season, 1984, 178; field season, 1986, 202; and 19th-century Arctic exploration, 23, 70, 128–29; at Torrington's burial, 198

X-ray studies, 210–14, 217, 230–32, 241

York Factory Complaint, 141–42

Young, Alexander, death of, 32

Copyright © 1987, 1988, 1998, 2004 by Owen Beattie and John Geiger
www.johngeiger.net
Introduction © 2004, O.W. Toad

This book was published originally by Bloomsbury Publishing Ltd. in the United Kingdom, E.P. Dutton in the United States, and, in Canada, by Western Producer Prairie Books (a book publishing venture by Saskatchewan Wheat Pool). First Douglas & McIntyre printing, 1992. Revised edition, 2004.

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ISBN: 978-1-55365-060-7 (pbk.)
ISBN: 978-1-77100-451-0 (ebook)

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