22.
William Wheeler to “Dear Grandfather and Aunt” (July 26, 1863), in
In Memoriam: Letters of William Wheeler of the Class of 1855, Y.C.
(Cambridge, MA: H. O. Houghton, 1875), 409–11; Robert Dale Mitchell, “The Rise and Survival of Private Mesnard, Part II,”
Civil War Times Illustrated
24 (February 1986), 14;
A Gallant Captain of the Civil War: Being the Record of the Extraordinary Adventures of Frederick Otto Baron von Fritsch
, ed. Joseph Tyler Butts (New York: F. Tennyson Neely, 1902), 75.
23.
Instruction for Field Artillery
(J. B. Lippincott, 1860), 2; Richard Rollins, “Lee’s Artillery Prepares for Pickett’s Charge,”
North & South
2 (September 1999), 47; Capt. Tyler, “The Rifle and the Spade; or, The Future of Field Operations,”
Journal of the United Service Institution
3 (1860), 173–74; R. L. Murray,
E. P. Alexander and the Artillery Action in the Peach Orchard: A Tactical Overview of the Artillery Action near the Peach Orchard at Gettysburg on July 2, 1863
(Wolcott, NY: Benedum Books, 2000), 8; Strachan,
From Waterloo to Balaclava
, 115, 116; Holmes,
Sahib: The British Soldier in India
, 339, 340, 343, 345; Maj. Alfred Mordecai,
Military Commission to Europe, in 1855 and 1856
(Washington: George W. Bowman, 1861), 141; Jay Luvaas, “A Prussian Observer with Lee,”
Military Affairs
21 (Fall 1957), 109–10; William W. Strong,
History of the 121st Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteers: “An Account from the Ranks”
(Philadelphia: Catholic Standard & Times, 1906), 31; Blake,
Three Years in the Army of the Potomac
(Boston: Lee & Shepard, 1866), 206–7, 216–17. There was actually only one 6-pounder gun in the artillery of the Army of Northern Virginia.
24.
Robert Emory Park, “Sketch of the Twelfth Alabama Infantry,”
SHSP
33 (January–December 1905), 241; Samuel Pickens, in
Voices from Company D: Diaries by the Greensboro Guards, Fifth Alabama Infantry Regiment, Army of Northern Virginia
, ed. G. W. Hubbs (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2003), 172; “From the 4th North Carolina, Camp near Fredericksburg, May 27th, 1863,” in
Confederate Correspondent: The Civil War Reports of Jacob Nathaniel Raymer, Fourth North Carolina
, ed. E. B. Munson (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2009), 77; John Camden West,
A Texan in Search of a Fight: Being the Diary
and Letters of a Private in Hood’s Texas Brigade
(Waco, TX: J. S. Hill, 1901), 54–55; Louis Léon, diary entry for May 29, 1863, in
Diary of a Tar Heel Confederate Soldier
(Charlotte, NC: Stone Pubs., 1913), 28; George Campbell Brown to Lizinka Brown (May 31, 1863), in
Campbell Brown’s Civil War
, 105; D. Augustus Dickert,
History of Kershaw’s Brigade
(Newberry, SC: Elbert Aull, 1899), 227–28; Naiswald,
Grape and Canister
, 263; John W. Chase (July 1, 1863), in
Yours for the Union
, 255.
25.
Mills,
History of the 16th North Carolina Regiment in the Civil War
(1897; Hamilton, NY: Edmonston Publishing, 1992), 33–34.
1.
Lee to A. P. Hill (June 5 and 16), in
O.R.
, series one, 27 (pt. 3):859, 896; Bowden and Ward,
Last Chance for Victory
, 36; Alexander,
Fighting for the Confederacy
, 104–5; Murray,
E. P. Alexander
, 22. John Imboden, who commanded a cavalry brigade in the Shenandoah, recalled receiving “a long confidential letter from General Lee, informing me of his purpose to cross the Blue Ridge … to capture Winchester, and cross the Potomac,” but if this letter was a “lost” operational plan, no copy seems to have survived. See Imboden, “Lee at Gettysburg,”
The Galaxy
11 (April 1871), 508–9.
2.
Bucholz,
Moltke and the German Wars
,
1864–1871
(New York: Palgrave, 2001), 146–47, 162; Reid,
The Civil War and the Wars of the Nineteenth Century
, 32, 187.
3.
Charles W. Turner, “The Virginia Central Railroad at War, 1861–1865,”
Journal of Southern History
12 (February–November 1942), 517, 530.
4.
Bowden and Ward,
Last Chance for Victory
, 48–49; James K. Swisher,
Prince of Edisto: Brigadier General Micah Jenkins, C.S.A.
(Berryville, VA: Rockbridge Publishing, 1996), 92–93.
5.
Lafayette McLaws, “Gettysburg,”
SHSP
7 (February 1879), 65–66; Charles Marshall, “Events Leading Up to the Battle of Gettysburg” (January 1896),
SHSP
24 (January–December 1896), 210–11; Nye,
Here Come the Rebels!
, 43; Bowden and Ward,
Last Chance for Victory
, 50; Samuel Pickens, diary entry for June 4, 1863, in G. W. Hubbs, ed.,
Voices from Company D
, 173–74; Alexander,
Fighting for the Confederacy
, 221; John Camden West,
A Texan in Search of a Fight
, 57–58, 58–59; Gary W. Gallagher,
Stephen Dodson Ramseur: Lee’s Gallant General
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1985), 68; “The Diary of Bartlett Yancey Malone,” ed. W. W. Pierson, in
James Sprunt Historical Publications
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1919), 16:34; George B. Davis, “The Strategy of the Gettysburg Campaign” (1898),
Papers of the Military Historical Society of Massachusetts
(Wilmington, NC: Broadfoot Publishing, 1989), 3:422–23; William Seymour, diary entry for June 5, 1863, in Gettysburg National Military Park Vertical Files [#7-LABrigade—B6, folder 1]; Daniel Butterfield to George Meade (June 4, 1863), in
O.R
., series one, 27 (pt. 3):5.
6.
Lee to Hill (June 5, 1863) and Hooker to Lincoln (June 5, 1863), in
O.R.
, series one, 27 (pt. 1):30 and (pt. 3):859; Lincoln, “To Joseph Hooker” (May 14 and June 5, 1863), in
Collected Works
, 6:217, 249.
7.
Samuel Toombs,
New Jersey Troops in the Gettysburg Campaign from June 5 to July 31, 1863
(Orange, NJ: Evening Mail Publishing, 1888), 19, 20, 21–22, 25; Andrew J. Bennett,
The Story of the First Massachusetts Light Battery, attached to the Sixth Army Corps
(Boston: Deland & Barta, 1886), 113; Andrew J. Boies,
Record of the Thirty-third Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry: From Aug. 1862 to Aug. 1865
(Fitchburg, MA: Sentinel Publishing, 1880), 29; Joseph Keith Newell,
“Ours”: Annals of the 10th Regiment, Massachusetts Volunteers in the Rebellion
(Springfield, MA: C. A. Nichols, 1875), 214–15; Hooker to Lincoln (June 10, 1863) and “Reports of Col. Lewis A. Grant, Fifth Vermont Infantry, commanding Second Brigade” (June 6, 1863), in
O.R
., series one, 27 (pt. 1):34, 676–78.
8.
Halleck to Hooker (June 5, 10 and 11, 1863), 31, 34, 35, in
O.R
., series one, 27 (pt. 1): 31–32, 35; Lincoln, “To Joseph Hooker” (June 10, 1863), in
Collected Works
, 6:257.
9.
“Circular” (June 11, 1863), David Birney to J. H. H. Ward (June 11, 1863), Hooker to Howard (June 12, 1863), Daniel Butterfield to “Commanding Officer, Sixth Corps” (June 12, 1863), in
O.R.
, series one, 27 (pt. 3):58, 59, 67, 69.
10.
John H. Rhodes,
The History of Battery B, First Regiment Rhode Island Light Artillery, in the War to Preserve the Union
(Providence, RI: Snow & Farnham, 1894), 187; Michael Hanifen,
History of Battery B: First New Jersey Artillery
(1905; Hightstown, NJ: Longstreet House, 1991), 65; Ambrose Hayward to “Dear Father” (June 16, 1863), in
Last to Leave the Field: The Life and Letters of First Sergeant Ambrose Henry Heyward, 28th Pennsylvania Infantry
, ed. Timothy J. Orr (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2010), 155; Charles S. Wainwright, diary entry for June 7, 1863, in
A Diary of Battle: The Personal Journals of Charles S. Wainwright
, ed. Allan Nevins (1962; Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press, 1998), 217; Rafuse,
Robert E. Lee and the Fall of the Confederacy
, 48; Patrick, diary entry for June 17, 1863, in
Inside Lincoln’s Army
, 260.
11.
Daniel Butterfield to George G. Meade (June 13, 1863) and Hooker to Halleck (June 6, 1863), in
O.R.
, series one, 27 (pt. 1):33 and (pt. 3):86–87.
12.
Noah Brooks, “A Presidential Visit to the Army” (April 12, 1863), in
Lincoln Observed
, 39; William A. Morgan to J. B. Bachelder (April 1886), in
The Bachelder Papers: Gettysburg In Their Own Words
, eds. D. and A. Ladd (Dayton, OH: Morningside House, 1994), 2:1274–75; Russel H. Beatie,
Army of the Potomac: McClellan Takes Command, September 1861–February 1862
(Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press, 2004), 264; Joseph E. Johnston, “Opposing Forces at Seven Pines,” “Opposing Forces in the Maryland Campaign,” and William W. Averell, “With the Cavalry on the Peninsula,” in
Battles & Leaders
, 2:219, 314, 429, 600; Jack D. Welsh,
Medical Histories of Union Generals
(Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1996), 260.
13.
Sears,
Chancellorsville
, 67–68, 83–90; Bigelow,
The Campaign of Chancellorsville
(1910; New York: Smithmark, 1995), 136, 458–59; Edward G. Longacre,
Lincoln’s Cavalrymen: A History of the Mounted Forces of the Army of the Potomac
(Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2000), 127–28, 133, 147; Brooks, “A Presidential Visit to the Army” (April 12, 1863), in
Lincoln Observed
, 39; John D. Imboden, “Cavalry Raiding in 1863,” in
New Annals of the Civil War
, 307.
14.
Edward G. Longacre,
The Cavalry at Gettysburg: A Tactical Study of Mounted Operations During the Civil War’s Pivotal Campaign, 9 June–14 July, 1863
(Rutherford, NJ: Farleigh Dickinson University Press, 1986), 48; Longacre,
Lincoln’s Cavalrymen
, 97, 150; Joseph W. McKinney,
Brandy Station, Virginia, June 9, 1863: The Largest Cavalry Battle of the Civil War
(Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2006),58; Durwood Ball,
Army Regulars on the Western Frontier, 1848–1861
(Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2001),8; George Rollie Adams,
General William S. Harney: Prince of Dragoons
(Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2001),212;
One of Custer’s Wolverines: The Civil War Letters of Brevet Brigadier General James H. Kidd, 6th Michigan Cavalry
, ed. Eric J. Wittenberg (Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1999), 40.
15.
William H. Payne, “Notes on War and Men—Summer 1865,” 85; John Esten Cooke, “General Stuart in Camp and Field,” in
Annals of the War
, 665; John Camden West,
A Texan in Search of a Fight
, 52; Pryor,
Reading the Man
, 253; Emory Thomas,
Bold Dragoon: The Life of J.E.B. Stuart
(1986; Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1999), 29–30, 31, 54, 233; Robert J. Trout,
They Followed the Plume: The Story of J.E.B. Stuart and His Staff
(Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 1993), 202–3; John Williamson Thomason,
Jeb Stuart
(1929; Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1994), 138; Freeman,
Lee’s Lieutenants
, 1:276–300.
16.
Alexander,
Military Memoirs of a Confederate: A Critical Narrative
(New York: Scribner’s, 1907), 114; John C. Ropes, “General Stuart” (1886), in
Critical Sketches of Some of the Federal and Confederate Commanders: Papers of the Military Historical Society of Massachusetts
, ed. Theodore F. Dwight (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1895), 10:158; Warren Wilkinson and Steven E. Woodworth,
A Scythe of Fire: A Civil War Story of the Eighth Georgia Infantry
(New York: William Morrow, 2002), 216; Warren C. Robinson,
Jeb Stuart and the Confederate Defeat at Gettysburg
(Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2007), 37.
17.
Pleasonton to Seth Williams (June 7, 1863) and Daniel Butterfield to Pleasonton (June 7, 1863), in
O.R
., series one, 27 (pt. 3):25, 27–28.
18.
Botts,
The Great Rebellion: Its Secret History, Rise, Progress, and Disastrous Failure
(New York: Harper & Bros., 1866), 194; Daniel A. Grimsley, “Culpeper as a Battle Ground in the War Between the States,” in
Battles in Culpeper County, Virginia, 1861–1865: And Other Articles
(Culpeper, VA: Raleigh Travers Green, 1900), 8; William L. Wilson, diary entry for June 8, 1863, in
A Borderland Confederate
, ed. Festus P. Summers (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1962), 71; Daniel P. Oates,
Hanging Rock Rebel: Lt. John Blue’s War in West Virginia and the Shenandoah Valley
(Shippensburg, PA: Burd Street Press, 1994), 198; R. E. Lee to Mary Custis Lee (June 9, 1863), in
Wartime Papers of Robert E. Lee
, 507; Stephen Z. Starr,
The Union Cavalry in the Civil War: From Fort Sumter to Gettysburg, 1861–1863
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1979), 374–76.
19.
Alfred Pleasonton, “The Campaign of Gettysburg,” in
Annals of the War
, 448–49; M. C. Butler to O. G. Thompson (August 17, 1907), in U. R. Brooks,
Butler and His Cavalry in the War of Secession, 1861–1865
(Columbia, SC: State Co., 1909), 151; Eric J. Wittenberg,
The Battle of Brandy Station: North America’s Largest Cavalry Battle
(Charleston: History Press, 2010), 75–91; Clark B. Hall, “The Battle of Brandy Station,”
Civil War Times Illustrated
(June 1990), 33–34; Roger H. Harrell,
The 2nd North Carolina Cavalry
(Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2004), 118; Neil Hunter Raiford,
The 4th North Carolina Cavalry in the Civil War: A History and Roster
(Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2003), 42; Bennett Young,
Confederate Wizards of the Saddle
:
Being Reminiscences and Observations of One Who Rode with Morgan
(Boston: Chapple Publishing, 1914), 516; Thomas,
Bold Dragoon
, 221; Eric J. Wittenberg, “ ‘A Dash of Conspicuous Gallantry’: The 6th Pennsylvania Cavalry at Brandy Station,”
Gettysburg Magazine
41 (July 2009), 7.
20.
Eric J. Wittenberg, “The Fight at Stevensburg, June 9, 1863: Saving Jeb Stuart from Defeat at Brandy Station,”
Gettysburg Magazine
44 (January 2011), 7–10; Scott Patchan,
The Battle of Piedmont and Hunter’s Raid on Staunton: The 1864 Shenandoah Campaign
(Charleston: The History Press, 2011), 33.
21.
Harriet Bey Mesic,
Cobb’s Legion Cavalry: A History and Roster of the Ninth Georgia Volunteers
(Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2009), 64; “Fight at Brandy Station, Va” (June 10, 1863), in
The Rebellion Record: A Diary of American Events
, ed. Frank Moore (New York: D. Van Nostrand, 1864), 7:288–89; Thomas,
Bold Dragoon
, 222; Fairfax Downey,
Clash of Cavalry: The Battle of Brandy Station, June 9, 1863
(New York: D. McKay, 1959), 139; “Sketches of Hampton’s Cavalry,” in
Stories of the Confederacy
, ed. U. R. Brooks (Columbia, SC: State Co., 1912), 150; “The Great Cavalry Fight—The Fight at Stevensburgh,”
New York Times
(June 16, 1863).
22.
Paul D. Casdorph,
Confederate General R. S. Ewell: Robert E. Lee’s Hesitant Commander
(Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2004), 232; Luther W. Hopkins,
From Bull Run to Appomattox: A Boy’s View
(Baltimore: Fleet-McGinley, 1908), 92; Wittenberg,
Battle of Brandy Station
, 183, 185; Lee to Stuart (June 16, 1863), in
O.R.
, series one, 27 (pt. 2): 687;
Nye,
Here Come the Rebels!
, 57–58; Charles M. Blackford to Susan Blackford (June 12, 1863), in
Letters from Lee’s Army; or, Memoirs of Life in and Out of the Army in Virginia During the War Between the States
, ed. C. M. Blackford III (1947; Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1998), 175; “Cavalry Fight of Tuesday,”
Washington National Intelligencer
(June 11, 1863).
23.
“Return of Casualties in the Union Forces at Brandy Station,” “Tabular Statement of Casualties in Cavalry Division, Army of Northern Virginia,” and “Reports of Col. William C. Wickham, Fourth Virginia Cavalry,” in
O.R.
, series one, 27 (pt. 1):168–70 and (pt. 2):719, 745; Wittenberg,
Brandy Station
, 153–54, 160; “The Cavalry Fight in Culpeper—Further Particulars,”
Richmond Daily Dispatch
(June 11, 1863); Thomas,
Bold Dragoon
, 227; Walter H. Taylor to Bettie Saunders (June 11, 1863),
in Lee’s Adjutant: The Wartime Letters of Colonel Walter Herron Taylor, 1862–1865
, ed. R. L. Tower (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1995), 56.
24.
Hooker to Lincoln (June 10, 1863), Halleck to Hooker (June 11, 1863), in
O.R.
, series one, 27 (pt. 1):34–35; Lincoln, “To Joseph Hooker” (June 10, 1863), in
Collected Works
, 6:257; Gideon Welles, diary entry for June 28, 1863, in
Diary of Gideon Welles
, ed. John T. Morse (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1911), 1:349; Charles F. Benjamin, “Hooker’s Appointment and Removal,” in
Battles & Leaders
, 3:241; A. M. Gambone,
Hancock at Gettysburg … and Beyond
(Baltimore: Butternut and Blue, 2002), 2; Oliver J. Keller, “Soldier-General of the Army: John Fulton Reynolds,”
Civil War History
4 (June 1958), 123–24.