31
See, for example, S. Freud,
Character and Anal Erotism,
9:167, or S. Freud,
The Future of an Illusion
, 21:3.
32
See S. Freud,
Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego,
19:93.
33
For example, S. Freud,
Totem and Taboo,
13:1.
34
S. Freud,
The Future of an Illusion,
21:3.
35
S. Freud,
Civilization and Its Discontents,
21:59.
36
Christopher R. Browning,
Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland
(New York: HarperPerennial, 1992).
37
Daniel J. Goldhagen,
Hitler's Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust
(New York: Knopf, 1996).
38
The literature of paranoia is immense. For those interested in the psychology of paranoia, one of the more recent studies is Alistair Munro,
Delusional Disorder: Paranoia and Related Illnesses
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999). An interesting fusion in “political psychology” can be found in Robert S. Robins and Jerrold M. Post,
Political Paranoia: The Psychopolitics of Hatred
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997). A brilliant fictional account of the descent into paranoia is found in Barry Unsworth,
Losing Nelson
(New York: Norton, 2000).
39
Sylvia Nasar,
A Beautiful Mind
(New York: Simon and Schuster, 1997).
40
Sigmund Freud,
Psycho-Analytic Notes upon an Autobiographical Account of a Case of Paranoia,
12:3.
41
Sigmund Freud,
Psycho-Analytic Notes upon an Autobiographical Account of a Case of Paranoia,
12:12.
42
Sigmund Freud,
Psycho-Analytic Notes upon an Autobiographical Account of a Case of Paranoia,
12:30.
43
“Student, 21, Is Arrested in Nevada in 5-State Bombing Spree,”
New York Times,
May 8, 2002, p. 1.
45
A psychiatrist cannot, or should not, make a psychiatric diagnosis on the basis of reportage. When someone is labeled a “schizophrenic” in this book, it is because that diagnosis has been made by experts who have examined him. Otherwise, I will indicate that I am speculating or dealing in probabilities.
46
Stephen Crane,
The Red Badge of Courage
(New York: Norton, 1976), p. 30.
47
Naomi Bliven, review of
The Psychopathic God: Adolf Hitler
, by Robert Waite,
New Yorker,
August 29, 1977, p. 84.
48
Christopher R. Browning,
Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland
(New York: HarperPerennial, 1992), p. 64.
50
See Napoleon Chagnon,
Yanomamo: The Fierce People
(New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1968).
51
Identification was most completely explored in the works of Erik Erikson. The best introduction for the layperson is still Erik Erikson,
Childhood and Society
(New York: W. W. Norton, 1963).
52
Alan Riding, “Literature Nobel Awarded to Hungarian Writer Who Survived Nazi Death Camps,”
New York Times,
October 11, 2002, p. A8.
53
David Hume,
A Treatise of Human Nature,
ed. David Fate Norton and Mary J. Norton, Oxford Philosophical Texts (London: Oxford University Press, 2000), p. 239.
55
Sartre, still in the throes of Marxism, wrote: “We find scarcely any anti-Semitism among workers. . . . The majority of the anti-Semites . . . belongs to the middle class, that is, among men who have a level of life equal or superior to that of the Jews.” Jean-Paul Sartre,
Anti-Semite and Jew,
tran. George J. Becker (New York: Schocken, 1965), pp. 35-36.
59
Shirley Jackson, “The Lottery,”
New Yorker,
June 28, 1948. That was the same year in which Sartre published his essay
Anti-Semite and Jew.
During the immediate postwar period, with the beginning awareness of the extent of the Holocaust and the passive complicity that accompanied it, a literature of self-examination emerged.
60
See Matthew, Mark, Romans, Galatians, and James.
61
The attention of the American and European press was not captured until the relatively recent Hutu-Tutsi massacres that erupted after Rwanda's President Habyrimana's plane was shot down by a surface-to-air missile in 1994.
62
David Lamb,
Vietnam, Now: A Reporter Returns
(New York: Public Affairs, 2002), p. 264.
64
Primo Levi,
The Drowned and the Saved,
trans. R. Rosenthal (New York: Vintage Books, 1989), pp. 183-84.
65
To the immense literature of the Holocaust, in the past decade two books have been added that seriously approach the question from the standpoint of the bystander populations: Raul Hilberg,
Perpetrators Victims Bystanders
(New York: HarperPerennial, 1994) and Victoria J. Barnett,
Bystanders: Conscience and Complicity During the Holocaust
(Westport, Conn.: Praeger Press, 2000).
66
Bernard Lazare,
Antisemitism: Its History and Causes
(1894; reprint, Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press, 1995).
68
Sartre was accepting of the fact that Jews had “physical conformations that one encounters more frequently than among non-Jews.” He clearly makes the point that the stereotype is not universal or exclusive to Jews. Still, it is disquieting to find this ardent champion of the Jews describing one of his friends as being of a marked semitic type: “He had a hooked nose, protruding ears, and thick lips. A Frenchman would have recognized him as a Jew without hesitation.” Jean-Paul Sartre,
Anti-Semite and Jew
, tran. George J. Becker (New York: Schocken Books, 1965), p. 61.
69
Lazare,
Antisemitism
, p. 9
70
Lazare,
Antisemitism,
p. 9.
71
Gordon W. Allport,
The Nature of Prejudice
(New York: Doubleday Anchor Books, 1958), p. 242.
72
Robert S. Wistrich, “The Devil, the Jews, and Hatred of the âOther,' in
Demonizing the Other
, ed. Wistrich (Jerusalem: Harwood Academic Publishers, 1999), p. 3.
73
Goebbels was minister of propaganda under Hitler. As quoted by Yisrael Gutman, “On the Character of Nazi Antisemitism,” in Shmuel Almog,
Antisemitism Through the Ages,
tran. Nathan Eisner (Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1988), p. 369.
75
Daniel J. Goldhagen,
Hitler's Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust
(New York: Knopf, 1996).
76
Gordon W. Allport,
The Nature of Prejudice
(Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday Anchor Book, 1958), pp. 215-16.
77
Francis Bacon, “Of Envy,” in
Francis Bacon: A Selection of His Works,
ed. Sidney Warhaft (New York: Macmillan, 1965), pp. 64-65.
78
In 1977, James Warren Jones led 1,000 of his followers to Jonestown, Guyana. In 1978, 911 of them committed mass suicide at his behest.
79
This term is borrowed from the subtitle of
Antisemitism: The Longest Hatred,
ed. by Robert S. Wistrich and Fred Jordan (New York: Pantheon, 1991).
80
Max Weber, the great sociologist, linked these diverse events in his classic book,
Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism,
trans. Peter Baehr and Gordon C. Wells (New York: Penguin Classics, 2002), written in 1920 and translated into English in 1930.
81
Max Scheler,
Ressentiment
(New York: Schocken Books, 1972), p. 48.
82
Nelly Sachs,
O The Chimneys,
trans. Ruth and Matthew Mead (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1967), p. 19.
83
Ernest Becker,
The Denial of Death
(New York: Free Press, 1973).
84
Sigmund Freud,
The Future of an Illusion
, 1927, 21:3.
85
As quoted in Abraham Goldstein,
The Insanity Defense
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1967), p. 192.
86
Samuel Butler,
Erewhon
(New York: New American Library, 1960), pp. 93-94.
87
Richard Rhodes,
Masters of Death: The SS-Einsatzgruppen and the Invention of the Holocaust
(New York: Knopf, 2002).
88
For a recent, detailed, and frightening indictment of Wahhabism, see Stephen Schwartz,
The Two Faces of Islam: The House of Saud from Tradition to Terror
(New York: Doubleday, 2002).
89
Neil MacFarquhar, “A Few Saudis Defy a Rigid Islam to Debate Their Own Intolerance,”
New York Times,
July 12, 2002, p. A6.
Copyright © 2003 by Willard Gaylin
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Gaylin, Willard.
Hatred : the psychological descent into violence / Willard Gaylin.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
eISBN : 978-0-786-72986-9
1. Hate. I. Title.
BF575.H3G39 2003
152.4âdc21
2002037139