Authors: Jörg Blech
17
Suresh Rattan, “Anti-Ageing Strategies: Prevention or Therapy?”
Embo Reports
6 (2005): 25-28.
18
Wall Street Journal
(European edition), June 24, 2006.
19
Rod Dishman and others, “Neurobiology of Exercise,”
Obesity
14 (2006): 345-356.
20
Agathocles Tsatsoulis and Stelios Fountoulakis, “The Protective Role of Exercise on Stress System Dysregulation and Comorbidities,”
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
1083 (2006): 196-213.
21
Jessica Chubak and others, “Moderate-Intensity Exercise Reduces the Incidence of Colds Among Postmenopausal Women,”
The American Journal of Medicine
119 (2006): 937-942.
22
Eliza F. Chakravarty and others, “Reduced Disability and Mortality Among Aging Runners,”
Archives of Internal Medicine
168.15 (2008): 1638-1646.
23
News release from Stanford University, August 20, 2008.
CHAPTER 14: PANACEA FOR EVERY DAY
1
David Bassett and others, “Physical Activity in an Old Order Amish Community,”
Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise
36 (2004): 79-85.
2
Aloys Berg and others, “Gewichtskontrolle ist nicht nur FdH,”
MMW—Fortschritte der Medizin
27-28 (2004): 636/27-30/639.
3
Maria Fiatarone Singh, “Essay: Fit for Life—A Geriatrician’s Perspective on Aging Well,”
The Lancet
366, suppl. 1 (2005): S51.
4
In yet another study Becca Levy has shown that older people who have negative stereotypes about the elderly have a greater chance of hearing decline. Levy and others, “Hearing Decline Predicted by Elders’ Stereotypes,”
The Journals of Gerontology, Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences
61 (2006): 82-87; see also Gina Kolata, “Old but not Frail: A Matter of Heart and Head,”
New York Times
, October 5, 2006.
5
Rainer Hambrecht and others, “Percutaneous Coronary Angioplasty Compared with Exercise Training in Patients with Stable Coronary Artery Disease: A Randomized Trial,”
Circulation
109 (2004): 1371-1378.
6
There are signs suggesting the meteoric rise of angioplasty during the past three decades has ended. Interestingly, this is not because doctors started to appreciate the therapeutic value of exercise. Rather, three recent studies published in the past two years indicate that using the procedure to open blocked arteries to treat chest pain, or angina, may be riskier and no more beneficial than medication. See Steve Sternberg, “Angioplasty’s Golden Era May be Fading,”
USA Today
, March 26, 2008.
7
Charles Mann, “Provocative Study Says Obesity May Reduce U.S. Life Expectancy,”
Science
, March 18, 2005: 1716.
8
Singh, S51.
9
News release of the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, August 4, 2008;
www.fhcrc.org/about/ne/news/2008/08/04/YMCA_exercise.html
.
10
www.exerciseismedicine.org
, accessed October 18, 2008.
11
www.exerciseismedicine.org/media.htm
, accessed October 18, 2008.
12
www.mentalhealth.org.uk/media/news-releases/news-releases-2008/8-february-2008/
, accessed October 18, 2008.
13
Ralf Sygusch and others, “Gesundheitssport—Effekte und deren Nachhaltigkeit bei unterschiedlichem Energieverbrauch,”
Deutsche Zeitschrift für Sportmedizin
9 (2005): 318-326.
14
The American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) and the American Heart Association (AHA) have jointly published physical activity guidelines. For adults over age 65 (or adults 50-64 with chronic conditions, such as arthritis), the basic recommendations are: do moderately intense aerobic exercise 30 minutes a day, five days a week; or do vigorously intense aerobic exercise 20 minutes a day, three days a week, and do 8 to 10 strength-training exercises, 10-15 repetitions of each exercise, twice to three times per week. The complete recommendations are at
www.acsm.org
.
15
Xuemei Sui and others, “Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Adiposity as Mortality Predictors in Older Adults,”
Journal of the American Medical Association
298 (2008): 2507-2516.
16
R. S. Pfaffenbarger and others, “Physical Activity and Physical Fitness as Determinants of Health and Longevity,” in
Exercise, Fitness and Health A Consensus of Current Knowledge
, ed. C. Bouchard, R. J. Shephard, and T. Stephens (Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 1990), 33-48.
17
Christian Roberts and James Barnard, “Effects of Exercise and Diet on Chronic disease,”
Journal of Applied Physiology
98 (2005): 3-30.
18
Der Spiegel
number 51 (2000).
19
www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/publications/facts/pa/en/
, accessed March 19, 2007.
20
Rainer Hambrecht and Stephan Gielen, “Essay: Hunter-Gatherer to Sedentary Lifestyle,”
The Lancet
366 (2005): S60-S61.
The American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association have jointly published physical activity guidelines:
www.acsm.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Home_Page&TEMPLATE=/CM/HTMLDisplay.cfm&CONTENTID=7764
.
The National Institute on Aging (part of the U.S. Government’s National Institutes of Health) has created a comprehensive exercise program expressly with seniors in mind:
www.nia.nih.gov/HealthInformation/Publications/Exercise Guide/
.
The Surgeon General’s report on physical activity and health:
www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/sgr/sgr.htm
.
I wish to thank Peter Dizikes, Barbara Perlmutter, and Kerstin Schuster for their help and support with this U.S. version of the book. I am particularly indebted to my editor, Merloyd Lawrence, for her suggestions and editing. I am fortunate to have met researchers and physicians who willingly shared their expertise with me: Aloys Berg, Fred Gage, Elkhonon Goldberg, Martin Halle, Christina Hahn, Rainer Hambrecht, Gertrude Huntington, Melinda Irwin, Carolyn Kaelin, Gerd Kempermann, Ulman Lindenberger, Herbert Löllgen, Jeffrey Macklis, Wilhelm Niebling, Fernando Nottebohm, Henriette van Praag, Hans-Georg Predel, Irwin Rosenberg, Robert Sallis, Eckard Schönau, Thorsten Schulz, Anna Schwartz, Heiko Strüder, Gertraud Teuchert-Noodt, Claudia Voelcker-Rehage, R. Sanders Williams, Andrea Zegelin, and Marc Ziegler.
My friend Jobst-Ulrich Brand, a journalist based in Munich, read the first version of the manuscript and provided me with valuable comments. Matthias Landwehr, my agent in Berlin, and Peter Sillem, my editor at S. Fischer in Frankfurt, encouraged me to go for this project. I am indebted to my colleagues at
Der Spiegel
magazine; Stefan Aust, Johann Grolle, and Olaf Stampf supported this project.
Most important, I wish to thank my wife and our children. They have guided me through this exciting endeavor.
Aarhus, University
Abramson, John
ACE-inhibitors
Addictive behavior (alcohol and drugs)
ADHD.
See
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Adipocytokines
Adult-onset diabetes.
See
Diabetes, type 2
Aerobic capacity
Aerobic exercise
Affective panic disorder
Afikim Electric Mobilizers
Ageism
Aging
aerobic capacity, decrease in
basal metabolic rate, decrease in
biological
body fat, increase in
compression of morbidity, health in later life and
excess age, concerns regarding
genetic determination of
physical activity and
premature from bed rest
process of
sexual performance and
stress and premature, exercise as antidote for
weakening of the immune system and cancer risk
See also
Elderly, the; Life expectancy
Airplanes, obese passengers on
Alabama, University of in Birmingham
Alcoholism
Alendronate
Allison, David
Allostatic load
Altman, Joseph
Alzheimer’s disease
cause of, new questions regarding
education and risk for
physical activity and
television viewing and
AMC Cancer Research Center
American Cancer Society
American College of Sports Medicine
American Medical Association
Amish, Ontario settlement of
Amyloid beta
Angioplasty
Antidepressants
Anxiety disorders.
See also
Mental health
Armstrong, Lance
Arteries
exercise and the condition of
narrowed
stem cells and the growth of new
See also
Heart disease
Arteriosclerosis
Arthritis
exercise as treatment for
in the knee, running and
rheumatoid
types and onset of
Asher, Richard
Asthma
Atrogenes
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
Autism
Back pain
chronic
deteriorating muscles and
discectomy
disk degeneration and, problems with associating
exercise programs for
exercise vs. surgery for
“failed back surgery syndrome”
incidence of
incorrect treatment of
mental health and
reversal of traditional treatment for
spinal fusion surgery
Baker, Kristin
Balance and motor skills
Bar-tailed godwit
Barr, Joseph
Basal metabolic rate
Basen-Engquist, Karen
Bassett, David
Bears, black
Becker, Annette
Bed rest
for back pain, misunderstanding leading to
bones, impact on
as cancer treatment, exercise vs.
Dallas Bed Rest and Training Study
as a dangerous prescription
heart attacks, as prescription following
learning about the disadvantages of
as medical treatment, image of
pain and
physical consequences of
premature aging from
psychological consequences of
training to reverse the effects of
See also
Inactivity; Rest
Berg, Aloys
Bielefeld, University of
Biological age
Biological Society of France
Biomarkers
Blood
pressure (hypertension)
viscosity of, beneficial impact of exercise on
Blood sugar tolerance
Blumenthal, James
BMI.
See
Body Mass Index
Body fat
Body Mass Index (BMI)
Body temperature
Bone densitometry
Bones
arthritis (
see
Arthritis)
cortical and trabecular, relative importance in stability of
density of
exercise as the only effective way to protect
exercise vs. osteoporosis drugs, effectiveness of
falls and fractures of
hip fractures, physical activity as prevention strategy for
impact of bed rest on
muscles and, single unit formed by
osteoporosis and fragile
Wolff’s law (law of the bone transformation)
Booth, Frank
Bowel cancer.
See also
Colon cancer
Brain, the
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
cholesterol in
cognitive reserve
fitness training for
learning, physical movement and
mental and motor activities, assumed separation of
mental and motor activities, linkage in the development of
neurogenesis (
see
Neurogenesis)
neuroplasticity of
new nerve cells in the hippocampus, exercise and the production of
outdated beliefs regarding
synapses, exercise and the production of
volume loss not inevitable with aging
Brain-derived neurotropic factor
Braumann, Klaus-Michael
Breast cancer
female sex hormones and
inactivity as cause of
physical activity and
See also
Cancer
Bremen Heart Centre
Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School
Brismée, Jean-Michel
British Columbia, University of
British Columbia Office of Health Technology Assessment
Bronchitis, chronic
Broocks, Andreas
Brown, Scott Alan
Brown-Sequard, Charles Edouard
Brox, Jens Ivar
Buckley, Alan
Calcium
California, University of at Irvine, Institute for Brain Aging and Dementia
California, University of at San Diego
Caloric intake, average in the U.S.