Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan (287 page)

62.
Lt. Col. Ch
Isamu, serving on the general staff of the Shanghai Expeditionary Force and as chief of the Intelligence Section of the Central China Area Army, is known to have issued orders that controlled the massacres. Fujiwara,
Nankin no Nihongun,
p. 80.

63.
Kasahara,
Nitch
zenmen sens
to kaigun
, p. 168, citing Kaigunsh
kaigun gunji fuky
bu,
Shina jihen ni okeru teikoku kaigun no k
d
, p. 37.

64.
Ibid.
, pp. 161–62, citing
Shina jihen rikugun sakusen
, pp. 406–416.

65.
The “Imperial Message of His Majesty the Supreme Commander” read: “We are deeply gratified that various units of the Army and Navy in the Central China Area, following up their operations in Shanghai and its environs, have pursued [the enemy] and captured Nanking. Transmit our feelings to your officers and men.” Kasahara,
Nankin jiken
, p. 164, citing the
Nankin senshi shiry
sh
II
.

66.
Ibid., p. 213.

67.
Awaya, Yoshida, ed.,
Kokusai kensatsukyoku (IPS) jinmonch
sho, dai 8 kan
, p. 356.

68.
The USS
Panay
, built in Shanghai in 1928 and named after the island of Panay in the American colony of the Philippines, was one of three gun boats of the American Asiatic Fleet's “Yangtze Patrol.” Its “right” to navigate the river and protect American lives and property derived from the 1860 Treaty of Peking, which ended the second Opium War. For details, see Kasahara,
Nitch
zenmen sens
to kaigun
, p. 22.

69.
See
Washington Post,
Dec. 14, 1937;
Los Angeles Times
, Dec. 15, 1937;
New York Times
, Dec. 1937;
Manchester Guardian
, Dec. 14 and 20, 1937; and
The Times
of London, Dec. 14 and 16, 1937.

70.
Kasahara,
Nitch
zenmen sens
to kaigun
, p. 302.