Hitler and the Holocaust (39 page)

53.
See Alfred Rosenberg,
Der Mythus des 20 Jahrhunderts
(Munich, 1939), and Ernst Piper’s essay on Rosenberg in Ley and Schoeps,
Nationalsozialismus
, 107–25.

54.
Donald J. Dietrich, “Catholic Resistance in the Third Reich,”
Holocaust and Genocide Studies
3.2 (1988): 171–76. See also Heinz Boberach, ed.,
Berichte des SD und der Gestapo über Kirchen und Kirchenvolk in Deutschland, 1934–1944
(Mainz, 1971), which is a source of great importance covering ten years of Nazi rule and the reports the regime received from its agents concerning the Christian churches in Germany.

55.
Trevor-Roper,
Hitler’s Table Talk
, 722.

56.
Heinz-Albert Raem,
Pius XI und der Nationalsozialismus: Die Enzyklika “Mit Brennender Sorge” vom 14 März 1937
(Paderborn, 1979).

57.
Actes et documents du saint siège relatifs à la Seconde Guerre Mondiale
, 11 vols. (Vatican City, 1965–1981), (henceforth
Adss); Lettres de Pie XII aux évêques Allemands, 1939–1945
(Vatican City, 1993), 419. See also the summary (at times tendentious) of Pierre Blet,
Pie XII et la Seconde Guerre Mondiale d’après les archives du Vatican
(Paris, 1997).

58.
G. Passelecq and B. Suchecky
L’encyclique cachée de Pie XI: une occasion manquée de l’église face à l’antisémitisme
(Paris, 1995), 320ff.; Giovanni Miccoli: “ ‘Chiesa Cattolica, Questione Ebraica’ e Antisemitismo fra Ottocento e Novecento nella Recente Storiografia,” in Giacomo Martina and Ugo Dovere, eds.,
I grandi problemi della storiografia civile e religiosa
(Rome, 1999), 323–54.

59.
Adss
, 9:170, doc. 82.

60.
Owen Chadwick,
Britain and the Vatican During the Second World War
(Cambridge, 1986), 205.

61.
Burzio to Maglione, 9 March 1942, in
Adss
, vol. 8, doc. 298; see also Livia Rothkirchen, “The Churches and the ‘Final Solution’ in Slovakia,” in Kulka and Mendes-Flohr,
Judaism and Christianity
, 413–41.

62.
Gerhart Riegner,
A Warning to the World: The Efforts of the World Jewish Congress to Mobilise the Christian Churches Against the Final Solution.
Lecture at Hebrew Union College, Cincinnati, 17 November 1983.

63.
Chadwick,
Britain
, 211–12.
Adss
, 8:758.

64.
Chadwick,
Britain
, 213.
Adss
, 8:676, 679, doc. 507. Only three days earlier, a report from Scavizzi to the secretary of state had informed him that more than two million Jews had been killed.
Adss
, 8:669–70, doc. 496.

65.
Chadwick, Britain. On 26 September 1942, Taylor reported to the Vatican on mass deportations and execution of Jews at special killing centers.
Foreign Relations of the United States (FRUS
), (Washington, D.C. 1961), 3:772. The Polish ambassador to the Vatican, Kazimierz Papée, had also confirmed that Jews were being murdered in camps all over Poland.
Adss
, 8: 497.

66.
Chadwick,
Britain
, 215.

67.
Ibid.

68.
Ibid.

69.
Ibid.

70.
Ibid. See
Adss
, 8:666, for the confirmation to the Vatican by Count Malvezzi of the Institute for Industrial Research that “systematic massacres” of the Jews in Poland were happening daily and took on the “most fearful and incredible proportions” (Montini’s notes, 18 September 1942, doc. 493).

71.
A pastoral letter by the Slovak bishops, published on 26 April 1942, had blamed the Jews for Christ’s horrible death on the cross. While observing that Jews were also human beings, it did not oppose the “legal actions of the government in taking steps to eradicate the evil influence of the Jews.” Rothkirchen, “Churches,” 417–18.

72.
Sidor to Maglione,
Adss
, 8:541–44, doc. 383.

73.
Ibid., note of Tardini, 597–98, doc. 426. “Ma che non possa tener a freno un sacerdote, chi lo può capite?”

74.
Menahem Shelah, “The Catholic Church in Croatia, the Vatican, and the Murder of Croatian Jews,” In Yedua Bauer et al., eds.,
Remembering for the Future (Oxford
, 1988), 266–80; Jonathan Steinberg, “Types of Genocide? Croatians, Serbs, and Jews, 1941–5,” in Cesarani,
Final Solution
, 175–93.

75.
Shelah, “Catholic Church,” 270; Phayer,
Catholic Church
, 31–40, is highly critical of the Vatican for ignoring the moral issues raised by the genocide in Croatia. So, too, is John Morley,
Vatican Diplomacy and the Jews During the Holocaust, 1939–1943
(New York, 1980), 165, who emphasizes that the Croatian perpetrators depicted themselves “as loyal to the Church and to the Pope.”

76.
Adss
, 7:166, doc. 7, Christmas broadcast of Pius XII, 24 December 1942. See also Robert S. Wistrich, “The Pope, the Church, and the Jews,”
Commentary
(April 1999), 22–28.

77.
Chadwick,
Britain
, 218.

78.
Adss
, 9:170, doc. 82. See also 2:323–9.

79.
Adss
, Ibid., vol.
2.

80.
Ibid., 2:324.

81.
Pius XII to von Preysing, 22 April 1940, in Ibid., 2:138–42, doc. 45.

82.
Pius XII’s speech was reprinted in
The Tablet (London
), 12 June 1943.

83.
The entire speech as broadcast on Vatican Radio was published in
The Tablet
, 9 June 1945, under the heading “The Catholic Church and the Third Reich: Pope Pius XII Surveys an Heroic History.”

84.
Ibid.

85.
Ibid.

86.
Susan Zuccotti, “Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust: The Case in Italy,” in I. Herzer et al., eds.,
The Italian Refuge: Rescue of Jews During the Holocaust
(Washington, D.C., 1989), 254–70, and
Under His Very Windows: The Vatican and the Holocaust in Italy
(2001), chap. 13–16, which I read in manuscript.

87.
Adss
, 9:506ff., doc. 368; Miccoli,
I Dilemmi
, 250–62; Phayer,
Catholic Church
, 97–104; Susan Zuccotti,
The Italians and the Holocaust : Persecution, Rescue, and Survival (New
York, 1987) chap. 6.

88.
Adss
, 9:506ff., doc. 368; Morley
Vatican Diplomacy
, 180–81.

89.
Adss
, 8:296, doc. 165; see also Michael R. Marrus and Robert O. Paxton,
Vichy France and the Jews
(Stanford, 1985) 201–2; Miccoli,
I Dilemmi
, 391–97.

90.
Adss
, 9:459, doc. 317; Miccoli,
I Dilemmi
, 401ff.; Susan Zuccotti, “The Italian Racial Laws, 1938–1945,”in J. Frankel, ed.,
Studies in Contemporary Jewry
(New York, 1997) 8:133–52.

91.
Emil Fackenheim,
The Jewish Return into History: Reflections in the Age of Auschwitz and a New Jerusalem
(New York, 1978), 76.

6. C
OLLABORATION
A
CROSS
E
UROPE

1.
L. Dobroszycki and S. Gurock, eds.,
The Holocaust in the Soviet Union
(New York, 1993), 3–73; Y Arad, “The Holocaust of Soviet Jewry in the Occupied Territories of the USSR,”
Yad Vashem Studies
21 (1991): 1–47; John Garrard, “The Nazi Holocaust in the Soviet Union: Interpreting Newly Opened Russian Archives,”
EEJA252
(winter 1995): 3–40; Zvi Gitelman, ed.,
Bitter Legacy: Confronting the Holocaust
(Bloomington, 1997).

2.
Martin Dean,
Collaboration in the Holocaust: Crimes of the Local Police in Belorussia and Ukraine, 1941–44
(London, 2000).

3.
Ibid., 60–76, 101.

4.
Ibid., 75–6.

5.
John A. Armstrong,
Ukrainian Nationalism
(New York, 1963), 46–47, 101–75; Hryhory Kostiuk,
Stalinist Rule in the Ukraine
(London, 1960), 47–59; Conquest,
Harvest of Sorrow
, 219–21, and for the huge losses under Soviet domination, 306. See also Katz, “Mass Death,” in Wistrich,
Demonizing the Other
, 272–76; for the Jewish factor, see especially Taras Hunczak, “Ukrainian-Jewish Relations During the Soviet and Nazi Occupations,” in Yuri Boshyk, ed.,
Ukraine During World War II: History and Aftermath
(Edmonton, 1986), 39–57.

6.
Taras Hunczak, “A Reappraisal of Symon Petliura and Ukrainian-Jewish Relations, 1917–21,
Jewish Social Studies
3 (1969): 163–83; J. Klier and Shlomo Lambroza, eds.,
Pogroms: Anti-Jewish Violence in Modern Russian History
(Cambridge, 1992), 293–372; Ben-Anat, “Peraot Ukraina,” 105–39.

7.
Alexander Dallin,
German Rule in Russia 1941–1945
(New York, 1957), 107–67; A. F. Vysotsky et al., eds.,
Nazi Crimes in Ukraine, 1941–44: Documents and Materials (Kiev
, 1987).

8.
Avraham Tory,
Surviving
, 4–12; Porat, “Holocaust in Lithuania,” in Cesarani,
Final Solution
, 159–74.

9.
Porat, “Holocaust in Lithuania,” 162–66.

10.
Steinberg, “Types of Genocide?”175ff. For the German “Final Solution” in Serbia and the first use of gas vans, see Browning,
Fateful Months
, 39–85.

11.
Steinberg, “Types of Genocide?” 176–77.

12.
Menahem Shelah, “Croatia,”
Encyclopaedia of the Holocaust
, 324–25.

13.
Ibid.

14.
Stepinac to Maglione, 24 March 1943,
Adss
, 9, annexe 2, 221–24, and summary of his protests by the Secretariat of State, 224–29; Morley,
Vatican Diplomacy
, 147–65.

15.
Marcone to Maglione, 8 March 1943, Adss, 9, annexe 1, 219–21, doc. 130; on Pavelić, B. Krizman,
Pavelić izmedju Hitlera i Musolinija
(Zagreb, 1980); for the Serb standpoint concerning Ustashe crimes, see Vladimir Dedijer,
Jasenovac—Das Jugoslawische Auschwitz und der Vatican
(Freiburg, 1988), 76–200.

16.
Arendt,
Eichmann
, 190; on massacres of Jews by the Romanian army and police on Soviet territory, see Hilberg,
Destruction
, 200–201.

17.
Eugen Weber, “Romania,” in H. Rogger and E. Weber, eds.,
The European Right
(Berkeley, 1966), 501–74; Emanuel Turczynski, “The Background of Romanian Fascism,” in Peter F Sugar, ed.,
Native Fascism in the Successor States, 1918–1945
(Santa Barbara, 1971), 101–12; B. Vago,
The Shadow of the Swastika: The Rise of Fascism and AntiSemitism in the Danube Basin, 1936–39
(London, 1975), 55–65, 128–29; Leon Volovici,
Nationalist Ideology and AntiSemitism: The Case of Romanian Intellectuals in the 1930s
(Oxford, 1991), 45–158.

18.
Vago,
Shadow
, 21–72.

19.
Arendt,
Eichmann
, 191. For the stark details concerning Romanian massacres, see Radu Ioanid,
The Holocaust in Romania: The Destruction of Jews and Gypsies under the Antonescu Regime, 1940–1944
(Chicago, 2000).

20.
J. Ancel, “The Romanian Way of Solving the ‘Jewish Problem’ in Bessarabia and Bukovina, June–July 1941,”
Yad Vashem Studies
19 (1988): 187–232.

21.
Randolph L. Braham,
The Politics of Genocide: The Holocaust in Hungary
(New York, 1981), 743–809, 1113–20, and “The Holocaust in Hungary: A Retrospective Analysis,” in David Cesarani, ed.,
Genocide and Rescue: The Holocaust in Hungary, 1944
(Oxford, 1997), 29–46.

22.
Seredi supported the anti-Jewish laws and welcomed the removal of the “wickedly destructive influence” of Hungarian Jews. Quoted in Yehuda Bauer,
A History of the Holocaust
(New York, 1982), 315–16. The papal nuncio in Hungary, Angelo Rotta, had to fight hard against such obstacles in his efforts to rescue Jews. See Phayer,
Catholic Church
, 106–9.

23.
Robert S. Wistrich, “The Jews and Nationality Conflicts in the Habsburg Lands,”
Nationalities Papers
22.1(1994): 119–39.

24.
N. Katzburg,
Hungary and the Jews: Policy and Legislation, 1920–1943
(Ramat Gan, 1981), 262–84; Randolph L. Braham, “Hungary: Jews During the Holocaust,” in
Encyclopaedia of the Holocaust
, 698–702.