Hitler, Donitz, and the Baltic Sea (56 page)

  
55
.
 
Oelfken, “Schwierigkeiten beim Bau der U-Boote Typ XXI, XXIII, XXVI,” N 518/5;
Lagevorträge,
393;
OKW KTB,
4: 1279.

  
56
.
 
Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, “An Evaluation of the Effectiveness of the Primary Anti-Submarine Measures in Countering Type XXI Submarines,” 4 Apr.
1949, NavOpArch, OEG, box 99; “Tactical Kinematic Capabilities of the Type XXI Submarine,” 3 Mar. 1950, ibid., box 71.

  
57
.
 
Building a U-boat of a similar size by the old methods would have taken 460,000 hours; Schulze-Wegener,
Kriegsmarine-Rüstung,
136, 141.

  
58
.
 
Ibid., 135; Ruge, “German Supreme Command-OKW,” 17 Nov. 1948, NavOpArch, GNR, box T 69; Weinberg,
World at Arms,
1033 (note 92). Similarly, the V-2 program devoured resources equivalent to 24,000 combat aircraft; Murray, “Betrachtungen zur deutschen Strategie im Zweiten Weltkrieg,”
Die Wehrmacht,
321.

  
59
.
 
Rohwer and Monakov,
Stalin’s Ocean-Going Fleet,
136–37; Salewski, “Die Verteidigung der Ostsee 1918–1939,” 394.

  
60
.
 
Germany and the Second World War,
4: 656–57; Ackasov, “Der Durchbruchs-Operation der Baltischen Rotbanner-Flotte von Reval auf Kronstadt,” 26–45; Rohwer, “Der Minenkrieg im finnischen Meerbusen, September–November 1941,” 94.

  
61
.
 
“Skl I op 1556/41,” 21 Sept. 1941, T-608/1/664; Rohwer, “Der Minenkrieg im finnischen Meerbusen, September–November 1941,” 97–100; Rudel,
Stuka Pilot,
31–44; Skl, “Lage Kriegsmarine am 28.9.1941,” T-608/2/472.

  
62
.
 
OKW KTB,
6: 1418; “1/Skl IE 2326/43,” 13 Aug. 1943, RM 31/M522.

  
63
.
 
Skl KTB, 25 and 29 Sept. 1943, 504, 565–66.

  
64
.
 
Anlage zu 1/Skl 950/44, “Bestand der russischen Ostseeflotte, Stand Mitte März 1944,” RH 19 III/15, 96.

  
65
.
 
9.Sich.Div., KTB, “Schlussbetrachtung zum 30. Sept. 1944,” RM 67/v.149; 1/Skl, “Weisung für die Seekriegsführung in der Östlichen Ostsee,” 29 Sept. 1944, RM 7/162, 106–109; OKM, “Feindlagebericht Ost vom 1.9. bis 30.9.1944,” 16 Oct. 1944, RM 7/162, 13–14.

  
66
.
 
MOK Ostsee, KTB, 3 Oct. 1944, RM 31/3217, 249; Skl, “Besprechung Chef Skl mit Chef Genstb.d.H.,” 15 Dec. 1944, RM 7/261, 117; MOK Ostsee, “B.Nr. 1035,” 30 Nov. 1944, RM 7/163, 163.

  
67
.
 
Skl KTB, 20–22 Feb. 1945, 209–15, 233–34, 242.

  
68
.
 
Ibid., 15 Mar. 1945, 203.

  
69
.
 
Ibid., 26 Mar. 1945, 385.

  
70
.
 
Ibid., 14 Mar. 1945, 195; ibid., 13 Apr. 1945, 201–202.

  
71
.
 
MOK Ostsee, “Rückblick auf die wesentlichsten Ereignisse und Aufgaben im Bereich MOK Ost im Kriegsjahr 1944,” 17 Mar. 1945, RM 7/90, 415–16.

  
72
.
 
Achkasov and Pavlovich,
Soviet Naval Operations,
251–54.

  
73
.
 
Ackasov, “Die sowjetische Kriegsflotte im Verlauf des ‘Grossen Vaterländischen Krieges,’” 270.

  
74
.
 
Basically, an “old school” strategy envisioned gaining command of the sea with a battle fleet composed of heavy surface vessels. A “young school” approach regarded large surface vessels as obsolete, being vulnerable to smaller vessels.

  
75
.
 
Herrick,
Soviet Naval Strategy,
xxvii, 40.

  
76
.
 
Kabath, “Seebrückenköpfe,” 274.

  
77
.
 
Gemzell,
Raeder, Hitler und Skandinavien,
275–77, 289–90; Salewski,
Seekriegsleitung,
1: 177–80, 192–93;
Lagevorträge,
82, 85.

  
78
.
 
OKW, “Nr. 44141/41,” 15 Feb. 1941, T-608/1/457.

  
79
.
 
Lagevorträge,
288, 334–36.

  
80
.
 
Germany and the Second World War,
6: 423–25;
Lagevorträge,
341. On Hitler’s constant fear of an invasion in Norway, Salewski,
Seekriegsleitung,
2: 2–36.

  
81
.
 
Lagevorträge,
347–48; Der Führer, “Nr. 55493/42,” 14 Mar. 1942, T-77/786/5514473.

  
82
.
 
Ziemke,
German NTO,
252–57; Warlimont’s comments to entries from 19 Oct. 1942 and 23 Jan. 1943 in
OKW KTB,
4: 841, 5: 66;
Hitlers Lagebesprechungen,
441, 446–47;
OKW KTB,
6: 1387–88;
Lagevorträge,
569.

  
83
.
 
OKW KTB,
5: 66 (Warlimont’s comments), 6: 1219, 1226, 1238, 1243–44, 1271–72, 1394, 1401; Dönitz, “Die Schlacht im Atlantic in der deutschen Strategie des Zweiten Weltkrieges,” 71–72.

  
84
.
 
OKW KTB,
8: 1060; Ziemke,
German NTO,
300–309.

  
85
.
 
Skl KTB, 18 Oct. 1944, 431–32;
Lagevorträge,
616.

  
86
.
 
Ob MOK Ost, “O6753,” 31 Oct. 1944, RM 7/163, 259–60; Skl, “Die Notwendigkeit, zusätzliche Mittel für Kriegsmarine und Handelsschiffahrt einzusetzen,” RM 7/261, 69.

  
87
.
 
Skl KTB, 31 Oct. 1944, 752.

  
88
.
 
Ibid., 13 June 1944, 329–30; ibid., 13 Aug. 1944, 316.

  
89
.
 
“Vortrag des Chefs der Skl bei der Besprechung der Oberbefehlshaber in ‘Koralle’ am 24./25.8.44,” RM 7/100, 170; Chef der Skl, “Seekriegsbasis Norwegen,” 2 Sept. 1944, RM 7/131, 582–83; Anlage zum KTB des BdU v. 18.9.44, RM 87/43, 63.

  
90
.
 
Lagevorträge,
618; Ziemke,
German NTO,
309;
OKW KTB,
8: 1092.

  
91
.
 
Guderian,
Erinnerungen,
336, 374; Skl KTB, 1 Feb. 1945, 3;
OKW KTB,
8: 1309–10, 1899; Steinert,
23 Days,
142, 304 (note 9).

  
92
.
 
Skl KTB, 1 and 3 Mar. 1945, 10–13, 44–47; OKW, “Stellungnahme Seekriegsleitung zur Studie ‘Birkhahn,’” 5 Mar. 1945, T-78/786/5514693–95;
Lagevorträge,
671.

  
93
.
 
Skl KTB, 28 Mar. 1945, 401.

  
94
.
 
MOK Norwegen, “03800,” 27 Apr. 1945, RM 7/851, 148; “1/Skl I op 9611/45,” 27 Apr. 1945, ibid.

  
95
.
 
1/Skl I op, 4 May 1945, RM 7/854, 25; “Abschrift von Abschrift einer dokumentarischen Niederschrift von Admiral a.D. Godt, zur Verfügung gestellt von Dr. Walter Baum-Oldenburg,” Nachlass Weichold, N 316/v.29, 3; Ziemke,
German NTO,
313.

  
96
.
 
“OKM Documents at Glucksberg,” NA, RG 243, entry 6, box 731.

  
97
.
 
Skl, “3404/43,” 13 Nov. 1943, T/608/1/1044; Skl KTB, 22 Dec. 1943, 357; Skl KTB, 20 Nov. 1944, 443;
Lagevorträge,
572.

Chapter 10: Hitler and Dönitz

    
1
.
 
Portions of this chapter appeared in an abbreviated form in Grier, “The Appointment of Admiral Karl Dönitz as Hitler’s Successor,” in Steinweis and Rogers,
The Impact of Nazism,
182–98; and Grier, “Army Group Kurland,” in Kelly,
World War II,
145–55.

    
2
.
 
Dönitz,
Ten Years and Twenty Days,
433.

    
3
.
 
Meisel to Assmann, 6 Oct. 1949, Nachlass Meisel, N 537/v.18.

    
4
.
 
Lagevorträge,
653, 655–56.

    
5
.
 
Skl KTB, 29 Jan. 1945, 506–507; ibid., 4 Feb. 1945, 29; ibid., 2 Mar. 1945, 24.

    
6
.
 
Ibid., 28 Feb. 1945, 339–42;
Lagevorträge,
664; Dönitz, “Die deutsche Seekriegführung,” 6 Aug. 1945, RM 6/374, 56.

    
7
.
 
IMT,
TMWC,
13: 296, 397.

    
8
.
 
Posner,
Hitler’s Children,
160. Dönitz’s party membership form is now at the German Federal Archives in Berlin-Lichterfelde. According to this document the request for membership was made on 7 March 1944, but Dönitz’s admission into the Party, with Party Number 9664999, was backdated to 1 Feb.

    
9
.
 
Weichold, “Die deutsche U-Bootskrieg 1939/45,” Nachlass Weichold, N 316/v.9, 39; “Abschrift von Abschrift einer dokumentarischen Niederschrift von Admiral a.D. Godt, zur Verfügung gestellt von Dr. Walter Baum-Oldenburg,” ibid., N 316/v.29, 1; Ruge,
In vier Marinen,
268.

  
10
.
 
Raeder, “Mein Verhältnis zu Adolf Hitler und zur Partei,” Nachlass Raeder, N 391/3, 50–51.

  
11
.
 
Speer,
Inside the Third Reich,
541. Following his release from Spandau, Speer was quite critical of Dönitz. Despite this animosity, many of Speer’s observations about Dönitz ring true.

  
12
.
 
Der Ob der HGr Süd, “Nr. 404/45,” 5 Feb. 1945, RH 2/332, 41–42.

  
13
.
 
ObdM, “Kurzlage ObdM Nr. 4,” 6 Oct. 1944, RM 7/100, 352.

  
14
.
 
IMT,
TMWC,
13: 392; Thomas,
German Navy in the Nazi Era,
236.

  
15
.
 
IMT,
TMWC,
13: 393.

  
16
.
 
Taylor,
Anatomy of the Nuremberg Trials,
406.

  
17
.
 
Thomas,
German Navy in the Nazi Era,
243.

  
18
.
 
“Admiral Doenitz re Pastor Niemoeller, 24 July 1945,” IfZ, ZS 1810/II, 18.

  
19
.
 
IMT,
TMWC,
13: 392–93; Thomas,
German Navy in the Nazi Era,
232; Sereny,
Speer,
390, 638.

  
20
.
 
Peter, “Euthanasia Programme,”
Oxford Companion to WWII,
344.

  
21
.
 
See Ruge’s and Wagner’s comments in
Lagevorträge,
7, 449; IMT,
TMWC,
13: 321; 35: 291–301.

  
22
.
 
Salewski,
Seekriegsleitung,
2: 551.

  
23
.
 
Fuchs to Baum, 30 Dec. 1956, IfZ, ZS 41, 27.

  
24
.
 
Lagevorträge,
642–43, 645, 652, 662, 668, 699.

  
25
.
 
Baum, “Marine, Nationalsozialismus und Widerstand,” 25–30, 39; Speer,
Spandau,
334–35; AdmFHQu, “Lageunterrichtung 6/9,” 6 Sept. 1944, T-1022/1709/PG32122-A;
Lagevorträge,
604, 686. Hitler had apparently forgotten about the scuttling of the pocket battleship
Graf Spee.

  
26
.
 
Hitler and His Generals,
631; Raus,
Panzer Operations,
339.

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