How We Know What Isn't So (35 page)

21
T. Hoopes (1969)
The limits of intervention
. New York: David McKay, p. 31.

22
I. L. Janis (1982)
Groupthink: Psychological studies of policy decisions and fiascoes
. Boston: Houghton & Mifflin, p. 39.

Chapter 8
. Belief in Ineffective “Alternative” Health Practices

1
“Preying on Aids patients.” (1987)
Newsweek
, June 1; “The AIDS underground.” (1989)
Newsweek
, August 7.

2
R. M. Deutsch (1977)
The new nuts among the berries: How nutrition nonsense captured America.
Palo Alto, CA: Ball Publishing; C. Hansen (1969)
Witchcraft at Salem
. New York: Braziller.

3
V. Herbert (1984) Testimony before United States Congressional hearing, “Quackery: A 10-billion dollar scandal.” May 5, p. 88; “Preying on Aids patients.” (1987)
Newsweek,
June 1.

4
Cited in W. E. Schaller & C. R. Carrol (1976)
Health, quackery, and the consumer
. Philadelphia, PA: W. B. Saunders, p. 169.

5
D. B. Bern (1972) Self-perception theory. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.)
Advances in Experimental Social Psychology
. (Vol. 6, pp. 1-62) New York: Academic Press.

6
W. A. Nolen (1974)
Healing: A doctor in search of a miracle
. New York: Random House.

7
P. B. Medawar (1967)
The art of the soluble
. London: Methuen, p. 14.

8
C. D. MacDougall (1983)
Superstition and the press
. Buffalo: Prometheus, p. 332.

9
Cited in W. A. Nolen (1974)
Healing: A doctor in search of a miracle
. New York: Random House.

10
R. Ornstein & D. Sobel (1987)
The healing brain: Breakthrough discoveries about how the brain keeps us healthy
. New York: Simon and Schuster, p. 32.

11
B. Dossey (1983) Holistic nursing: How to make it work for you.
Journal of Holistic Nursing, 1,
32-34.

12
W. A. Nolen (1974)
Healing: A doctor in search of a miracle
. New York: Random House.

13
O. C. Simonton, S. Matthews-Simonton, & J. Creighton (1978)
Getting Well Again
. Boston: J. P. Tarcher, p. 220.

14
B. R. Cassileth, E. J. Lusk, T. B. Strouse, & B. A. Bodenheimer (1984) Contemporary unorthodox treatments in cancer medicine.
Annals of Internal Medicine, 101,
105-12.

15
W. A. Nolen (1974)
Healing: A doctor in search of a miracle
. New York: Random House.

16
Cited in R. M. Deutsch (1977)
The new nuts among the berries: How nutrition nonsense captured America.
Palo Alto, CA: Ball Publishing, p. 263.

17
R. M. Deutsch (1977)
The new nuts among the berries: How nutrition nonsense captured America
. Palo Alto, CA: Ball Publishing; R. E. Nisbett & L. Ross (1980)
Human inference: Strategies and shortcomings of social judgment
. Englewood-Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall; Pepper, C. (1987) Quackery: The need for federal, state, and local response.
Skeptical Inquirer, 12,
70 74.

18
S. Barrett (1987) Homeopathy: Is it medicine?
Skeptical Inquirer, 12,
56-62.

19
“The irrational connection between diet and demeanor.” (1989)
Psychology Today,
October, p. 14.

20
Cited in R. M. Deutsch (1977)
The new nuts among the berries: How nutrition nonsense captured America.
Palo Alto, CA: Ball Publishing, p. 272.

21
Ibid., p. 7.

22
K. M. Dillon, B. Minchoff, & K. H. Baker (1985-86) Positive emotional states and enhancement of the immune system.
International journal of Psychiatry in Medicine, 15,
13-17; H. Hall (1983) Hypnosis and the immune system: A review with implications for cancer and the psychology of healing.
American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 25,
92-103; J. B. Jemmott & S. E. Locke (1984) Psychosocial factors, immunologic mediation, and human susceptibility to infectious diseases: How much do we know?
Psychological Bulletin, 95,
78-108; J. K. Kiecolt-Glaser & R. Glaser (1988) Behavioral influences on immune function. Evidence for the interplay between stress and health. In T. Field, P. McCabe, & N. Schneiderman (Eds.),
Stress and Coping
(Vol. 2). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum; D. C. McClelland (1989) Motivational factors in health and disease.
American Psychologist, 44,
675-83.

23
B. Crary, S. L. Hauser, M. Borysenko, I. Kutz, C. Hoban, K. A. Ault, H. L. Weiner, & H. Benson (1983) Epinephrine-induced changes in the distribution of lymphocyte subsets in peripheral blood of humans.
The Journal of Immunology, 131,
1178-81; A. A. Stone, D. S. Cox, H. Vladimarsdottir, & J. M. Neale (1987) Secretary IgA as a measure of immunocompetence.
Journal of Human Stress, 13,
136-10.

24
B. R. Cassileth, E. J. Lusk, D. S. Miller, L. L. Brown, & C. Miller (1985) Psychosocial correlates of survival in advanced malignant disease?
New England Journal of Medicine, 312,
1551-55.

25
B. Blattner (1981)
Holistic nursing.
Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, p. 35.

26
Cited in C. D. MacDougall (1983)
Superstition and the press.
Buffalo: Prometheus, p. 333.

27
“Handicapping Education” (1985)
Newsweek,
April, 29, p. 33.

28
“Letters to the editor” (1989)
New Age,
January/February, p. 12.

29
E. Smith (1988) Fighting cancerous feelings.
Psychology Today,
May, p. 22-23; S. E. Taylor, R. R. Lichtman, & J. V. Wood (1984) Attributions, beliefs about control, and adjustment to breast cancer.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46
, 489-502.

30
S. Sontag (1978)
Illness as metaphor
. New York: Farrar, Straus, & Giroux, p. 55.

Chapter 9
. Belief in the Effectiveness of Questionable Interpersonal Strategies

1
R. M. Arkin & A. H. Baumgardner (1985) Self-handicapping. In J. H. Harvey & G. Weary (Eds.),
Attribution: Basic issues and applications
. (pp. 169-202). New York: Academic Press.

2
T. Gilovich, S. Madey, & S. Currall (1990) The general ineffectiveness of feigned self-handicaps. Unpublished manuscript.

3
E. E. Jones & C. Wortman (1973)
Ingratiation: An attributional approach
. Morristown, NJ: General Learning Press.

4
M. Kundera (1984)
The unbearable lightness of being
. New York: Harper & Row, p. 185.

5
R. E. Nisbett & L. Ross (1980)
Human inference: Strategies and shortcomings of social judgment
. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Chapter 3.

6
R. M. Dawes (1988)
Rational choice in an uncertain world
. San Diego: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich.

Chapter 10
. Belief in ESP

1
N. D. Grace, H. Muench, & T. C. Chalmers (1966) The present status of shunts for portal hypertension in cirrhosis.
Journal of Gastroenterohgy, 50
, 684-91. See also D. Freedman, R. Pisani, & R. Purves (1978)
Statistics
. New York: W. W. Norton.

2 J. Randi (1986)
Flim-Flam
. Buffalo: Prometheus Books.

3
J. Beloff (1980) Seven evidential experiments.
Zetetic Scholar, 6
, 9194. Cited in J. E. Alcock (1981)
Parapsychology: Science or magic?
New York: Pergamon Press, p. 144.

4
B. Wolman (1977) (Ed.)
Handbook of parapsychology
. New York: Van Nostrand.

5
National Research Council (1988, January)
American Psychological Association Monitor
, p. 7.

6
R. Hyman (1985) A critical historical overview of parapsychology. In P. Kurtz (Ed.),
A skeptic’s handbook of parapsychology
. Buffalo: Prometheus Books.

7
S. Krippner (1977)
Advances in parapsychological research I: Psychokinesis
. New York: Plenum.

8
J. B. Rhine (1934)
Extra-sensory perception
. Boston: Bruce-Humphries.

9
Ibid.

10
J. L. Kennedy (1939) A methodological review of extrasensory perception.
Psychological Bulletin, 36
, 59-103.

11
B. R. Bugelski & S. Bugelski (1940) A further attempt to test the role of chance in ESP experiments.
Journal of Parapsychology, 4
, 14248.

12
A. T. Oram (1954) An experiment with random numbers.
Journal of the Society for Psychical Research, 37
, 369-77. See also A. Hardy, R. Harvie, & A. Koestler (1975)
The challenge of chance
. New York: Vintage Books.

13
Quoted in R. Hyman (1985) A critical historical overview of parapsychology, p. 50. In P. Kurtz (Ed.),
A skeptic’s handbook of parapsychology
. Buffalo: Prometheus Books.

14
Ibid.

15
C. E. M. Hansel (1966)
ESP: A scientific evaluation
. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons. G. R. Price (1955) Science and the supernatural.
Science, 122
, 359-67.

16
R. G. Medhurst (1968) The fraudulent experimenter: Professor Hansel’s case against psychical research.
Journal of the Society for Psychical Research, 44
, 217-32.

17
C. Scott & P. Haskell Fresh light on the Shackleton Experiments.
Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research, 56
, 43-72.

18
B. Markwick (1978) The Soal-Goldney experiments with Basil Shackleton: New evidence of data manipulation.
Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research, 56
, 250-77.

19
D. Marks & R. Kammann (1980)
The psychology of the psychic
. Buffalo: Prometheus Books.

20
Cited in J. E. Alcock (1981)
Parapsychology: Science or magic?
New York: Pergamon Press, p. 135.

21
Ibid.

22
Gallup Opinion Index (1978) Political, social, and economic trends.
255
, 1-5.

23
A. Greeley (1987, January 17) From here to the hereafter.
San Jose Mercury News
, p. C-1.

24
24. R. J. Lederer & B. Singer (1983) Pseudoscience in the name of the university.
Skeptical Inquirer, 7
, 57-62.

25
J. Randi (1977) The media and reports on the paranormal.
The Humanist, 37
, 45-47.

26
D. Marks & R. Kammann (1980)
The psychology of the psychic
. Buffalo: Prometheus Books, p. 151.

27
P. Kurtz (1986)
The transcendental temptation.
Buffalo: Prometheus Books.

28
Cited in J. E. Alcock (1981)
Parapsychology: Science or magic?
New York: Pergamon Press, p. 24.

29
Quoted in R. Hyman (1985) A critical historical overview of parapsychology, p. 70. In P. Kurtz (Ed.),
A skeptic’s handbook of parapsychology.
Buffalo: Prometheus Books.

30
J. E. Alcock (1981)
Parapsychology: Science or magic?
New York: Pergamon Press.

31
C. Evans (1973) Parapsychology—What the questionnaire revealed.
New Scientist, 57,
209.

32
Cited in J. E. Alcock (1981)
Parapsychology: Science or magic?
New York: Pergamon Press.

33
J. Randi (1981) Selective test selection.
Skeptical Inquirer, 5,
12-13.

34
L. W. Alvarez (1965) A pseudo experience in parapsychology.
Science, 148,
1541.