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ONCOLOGY
333
Table 5-1. Cbssific3rion of Benign and Malignanr Tumors
Tissue of Origin
Benign
Malignant
Epithelium
Surface epithelium
Papilloma
Carcinoma
Epithelial lining of gland or ducts
Adenoma
Adenocarcinoma
Connective tissue and muscle
Fibrous tissue
Fibroma
Fibrosarcoma
Cartilage
Chondroma
Chondrosarcoma
Bone
Osteoma
Osteosarcoma
Smooth muscle
Leiomyoma
Leiomyosarcoma
Striated muscle
Rhabdomyoma
Rhabdomyosarcoma
Nerve tissue
Glial
Glioma
Meninges
Meningioma
Meningeal sarcoma
Retina
Retinoblasroma
Lymphoid tissue
Lymphoma!
lymphosarcoma
Bone marrow
White blood cells
Leukemias
Plasma cells
Multiple myeloma
Source: With permission from S Baird (ed). A Cancer Source Book for Nurses (6th cd).
Adama: American Cancer Society, 1991 ;28.
Etiology and Risk Factors
The causes, or etiologies, of neoplasm are often divided into two categories, external or environmental and generic. There are risk factOrs that are thought ro predispose a person ro cancer. Most cancers probably develop from a combination of facrors. The most common etiologies can be found in Table 5-2. Risk facrors can be found in Table 5-3.
Signs and Symptoms
Signs and symptOms of cancer are most often due to rhe tumor's growth
and invasion of surrounding tissues. The American Cancer Society has
the acronym CAUTI ON for several common signs of cance�:
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ACUTE CARE HANDBOOK FOR PHYSICAl
Table 5-2. Cancer Etiologies
Viruses
Human papilloma virus
Epstem-Barr virus
Chemical agents
Tar
Soor
Dyes
Polycyclic hydrocarbons
Nickel
Arsenic
Excessive ethanol ingestion
Vinyl chloride
Benzene
Physical agents
Ionizing radiation
Ultraviolet light
Asbestos
Wood duse
Drugs
Some chemotherapeutic agents
Hormones
Estrogen
Source: Adapted from LM Tierney, S1 McI>hee, �IA Papadakis (cds). Current �Icdl(;.ll
Diagnosis and Treatment. Stamford, CT: Applcton & Lange. 1999.
• C; Change in bowel or bladder ha bits
• A ; A sore that does nOt heal
• U ; Unusual bleeding or discharge
• T; Thickening or lump in the breast or elsewhere
• I ; Indigestion or difficulty in swallowing
• 0; Obvious change in a wart or mole
• N; Nagging cough or hoarseness
Additional signs and symptOms that may IIldicate cancer include
fever, unexplained weight loss of more than 10 Ib, undue f,lIigue,
unexplained pain, anorexia, anemia, and weakness.l
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Table 5-3. Risk Factors for Selected Cancer Sites
Cancer Sire
High-Risk Factors