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636
AClfrE CARE HANDBOOt.;. FOR I)HY')ICAI THfRAI'I'" T\
Table 10-5. COllt"med
Complication
Medication
Toxic neuronal neuropa
May be reversed with discontlOu:Jtlon or
thy: neuropathy caused
reduction in the following: zalcltahine,
by certain medications
didanosine, and stavudine
Tuberculosis
Four-drug regimen: i'ioniazid, nfamplIl,
pyrazinamide, and cthamhurol
Sources: Data frolll MD Chettlin. Cardiovascular C:ompl!c3t10n\ of IIiV InflXtJon. In
l\tA Sande, PA Volberding. The Medical M31l.lgement of AIDS. Philadelphia: Saun·
den�. 1999;278.280; CA Kirton. Oncologic Conditions. In CA Kirton. D T;lloua. K
Zwolski (cds). Ilandbook of IIiV/AIDS Nursing. St. loUIs: l\to<,hy. 2001:27�. 278-
279; RW Price. Management of the Neurologic CompliC;1tions of HIV-1 infeuiull and
AIDS. In MA Sande. PA Volberdlllg (eds). The Medical Managemenr of AID�. PhiladelphIa: Saunders. 1999;227,229,231-232; K Zwolski. Fungal lnfecnons. In CA Kirton, D Talona, K Zwolskl (cds). llandbook of 11IV/AIDS Nur\lI1g. \1. LoUIs: .\losby.
2001;262,266.270; K Zwolskl. Paramic Infccllons.ln CA KIrton. DT'llona. K
Zwolski (cds). Handbook of IIIV/AIDS Nursing. St. louis: l\tosby, 2001;294; K
Zwolski, 0 Talorra. Bacterial Infections. In CA Kirton. D Talon.l. I..: 7wolskl (ed').
Handbook of IIIV/AIDS Nursing. St. I.ouis: Moshy, 2001 :2.16.248-49; and K Zwolski. Viral lnfcctions. In CA Kirton, D Talona. " Zwol!oki (cds). II.mdbook of I II VI AIDS Nursing. St. Louis: l\tosby, 200 I :.303, 310-3 II. 3 U. J 1 s.
If management of mononucleosis is necessary, it Illay consist of the
foliowing12•B:
• Corticosteroids in cases of severe pharyngitis
• Bed rest during the acme stage
• Saline throat gargle
• Aspirin or acetaminophen for sore throat and fever
Cytomegalovints IIt(echolt
CMV is a member of the herpesvirus group [hat can be found in all
body secretions, including saliva, blood, urine, feces, semen, cervical
secretions, and breast milk. CMV infection is a common viral II1fection that is asymptomatic or symptomatic. C�lV infection can remain latent after the initial introduction into the body and can become
opportunistic at a later point in time.
INFEcrJOUS DISEASES 637
If CMV infection is symptomatic, clinical presentation may be a
relatively benign mononucleosis in adults, or in patients with HIV
infection, manifestations such as pneumonia, hepatitis, encephalitis,
esophagitis, colitis, and retinitis can occur.
CMV is usually transmitted by prolonged cOntact with infected
body secretions, as well as congenitally or perinatally."·"
Management of CMV infection may consist of the following!!·,,:
• Antiviral agents
• Corticosteroids
• Immune globulins
• Blood transfusions for anemia or thrombocytopenia
• Antipyretics
Toxoplasmosis
Toxoplasmosis is a systemic protozoan infection caused by the parasite Toxoplasma gOlldii, which is primarily found in cat feces. Transmission can occur from three mechanisms: (1) eating raw or inadequately cooked infected meat or eating uncooked foods that
have come in contact with contaminated meat; (2) inadvertently
ingesting oocYStS that cats have passed in their feces, either in a cat litter box or outdoors in soil (e.g., soil from gardening or unwashed fruits or vegetables); and (3) transmission of the infection from a
woman to her unborn fetlls. Fetal transmission of T. gandii can result
in mental retardation, blindness, and epilepsy,55
linical manifestations can range from subclinical infection to
severe generalized infection, particularly in immunocompromised
individuals, to death.
The m.nagemenr trend of tOxoplasmosis is through prevention by
safe eating habits (thoroughly cooking meats, peeling and washing ftuits
and vegetables) and minimizing the contact with cat feces when pregnant, along with keeping the cat indoors to prevent contamination,55