India After Independence: 1947-2000 (85 page)

2
. Quoted in Inder Malhotra,
Indira Gandhi,
London, 1989, p.165.

3
. Morarji Desai to Oriana Fallaci
New Republic,
quoted in Francine R. Frankel,
op.cit.,
p.544.

4
. Inder Malhotra,
op.cit.,
pp.173 and 182.

5
. Mary C. Carras,
Indira Gandhi—In the Crucible of Leadership,
Bombay, 1980, p.100.

6
. Tariq Ali,
The Nehrus and the Gandhis—An Indian Dynasty,
London, 1985 p.194.

7
. Quoted in Francine R. Frankel,
op.cit.,
p.576.

1
. Quoted in Pupul Jayakar,
Indira Gandhi—A Biography,
New Delhi, 1992, p.474.

1
. Quoted in Nicholas Nugent,
Rajiv Gandhi: Son of a Dynasty,
New Delhi, 1991, p.54.

2
. The official figure is 2733, but unofficial figures are as high as 3870.

3
. Quoted in S.S.Gill,
The Dynasty; A Political Biography of the Premier Ruling Family of India,
New Delhi, 1996, p.401.

4
. S.S. Gill, who served as Secretary, Information and Broadcasting, in Rajiv Gandhi’s government, testifies to this. See
Ibid.,
pp. 406-7.

1
. Seema Mustafa,
The Lonely Prophet: V. P. Singh, A Political Biography,
New Delhi, 1995, p.120.

2
.
Ibid.,
p.129

3
. See chapter 34 on Caste and Dalit Politics in this volume.

4
. A very useful recent collection of studies on caste in which a number of scholars address the issue is M.N. Srinivas, ed.,
Caste: Its Twentieth Century Avatar,
Viking, New Delhi, 1996. See particularly the essay by A.M. Shah.

5
. Dreze and Sen, for example, show the strong link between disparities in education and social inequality and argue that a policy of universal and compulsory education is likely to lead to elimination of social inequalities. They stress that leaders of the freedom struggle were well aware of this and Dr Ambedkar himself saw education as the cornerstone of his strategy for liberation of oppressed castes, as he was conscious how in his own case his scholarship enabled him to overcome the stigma of untouchability. They also
point to a common finding of village studies and household surveys that education is widely perceived by members of socially or economically disadvantaged groups as the most promising chance of upward mobility for their children. Jean Dreze and Amartya Sen,
India: Economic Development and Social Opportunity,
Delhi, 1996, especially pp.96-7, and 109-10.

6
. In South India, there was no strong reaction because state governments had been implementing different levels of reservations for Backward Castes for many years. The caste structure in South India, with far more extreme forms of Brahmin domination, was quite different. Also, there was a long history of caste-based reservations which were introduced by the British in the 1920s and also by the princely states, as well as a long tradition of the non-Brahmin movement since the 1910s.

8
. In 1993 the Congress government implemented the Mandal report, without much furore taking place, as by then people had got more used to the idea, thus proving the point that in a democracy you cannot ram decisions down people’s throats but have to work through consensus.

9
. V. P. Dutt,
India’s Foreign Policy in a Changing World,
New Delhi, 1999, p.15

10
.
Times of India,
23 June 1999.

11
. Quoted in V. P. Dutt,
op.cit.,
pp.368-369.

1
. Quoted in Atul Kohli,
Democracy and Discontent: India’s Growing Crisis of Governability,
New Delhi, 1992, p.289.

2
.
Ibid.,
p.288; Atul Kohli, ‘Parliamentary Communism and Agrarian Reform—The Evidence from India’s Bengal,’
Asian Survey,
Berkeley, Vol. 23, No.7, July 1983, p.780 and p.800.

3
. Quoted in Geoffrey Tyson,
Nehru—The Years of Power,
London, 1966, p.79.

1
. Quoted in K.P.S. Gill,
The Knights of Falsehood,
New Delhi, 1997, p.35.

2
. Baldev Raj Nayar, ‘Sikh Separatism in the Punjab,’ in
South Asian Politics and Religion,
ed. by Donald E.Smith, Princeton, 1966, p.168.

3
. Quoted in K.P.S. Gill, p.81.

4
.
Ibid.,
p.12

1
. See for details Bipan Chandra, et. al.,
India’s Struggle for Independence,
New Delhi, 1989, chapter 29.

2
. Aditya Mukherjee,
Imperialism, Nationalism and the Development of Indian Capitalisin: The Making of the Indian Capitalist Class 1920-47,
(forthcoming) and Aditya Mukherjee and Mridula Mukherjee, ‘Imperialism and the growth of Indian capitalism in the twentieth century,’
EPW,
12 March 1988.

3. N.R. Sarkar, Presidential speech, FICCI,
Annual Report,
1934, New Delhi, pp.3-67. M. Visveswarayya was among the first to give a call for planned development in the twenties.

4
. Indian National Congress (INC), Economic. Resolutions, p.8.

5
.
A Plan of Economic Development for India,
Pt. 1 & 2, London, 1945, pp.9-10. The authors of this plan were Purshottamdas Thakurdas, J.R.D.
Tata, G.D. Birla, Ardeshir Dalal, Sri Ram, Kasturbhai Lalbhai, A.D. Shroff, and John Mathai.

6
.
INC Economic. Resolutions,
p.29. Emphasis mine.

7
. Second Five Year Plan, 1956, p.44.

8
. K.N. Raj,
Indian Economic Growth: Performance and Prospects,
New Delhi, 1965, p.2.

9
. A. Vaidyanathan, ‘The Indian Economy Since Independence (1947-70),’ in Dharma Kumar, ed.,
The Cambridge Economic History of India,
Delhi, 1983, p.961. Emphasis mine.

10
. J. Bhagwati and P. Desai,
India: Planning for Industrialisation,
London, 1970, table 10.6, pp.185-87.

11
.
Business Standard,
9 January 1998.

12
. Sukhamoy Chakravarty,
Development Planning: The Indian Experience,
Oxford, 1987, pp.4, 81.

1
. C. Rangarajan, ‘Development, Inflation and Monetary Policy,’ in Isher J. Ahluwalia and I.M.D. Little, eds.,
India’s Economic Reforms and Development: Essays for Manmohan Singh,
Delhi, 1998, p.59.

2
. See E.J. Hobsbawm,
Age of Extremes: The Short Twentieth Century,
Harmondsworth, 1994, for a brilliant analysis of the changes in world capitalism since World War II and pp.261, 277 and 280 for the statistics in this paragraph.

3
.
The East Asian Miracle: Economic Growth and Public Policy,
World Bank, New York, 1993, p.38.

4
. Vijay Joshi and I.M.D. Little,
India: Macroeconomics and Political Economy 1964-1991,
Washington, 1994, p.58.

1
. For example, in his D. Phil, dissertation at Oxford in 1961 and his book
India’s Export Trends,
London, 1964.

2
. Ajit Singh, ‘Liberalisation, the Stock Market, and the Market for Capital Control,’ in Isher Ahluwalia and I.M.D. Little, eds.,
India’s Economic Reforms and Development,
Delhi, 1998.

3
. See
Economic Survey 1998-99,
Government of India, tables 10.6 and 10.7, p.146,

4
. Vijay Joshi and I.M.D. Little,
India’s Economic Reforms, 1991-2001,
Oxford, 1996, pp.222, 225.

5
. Suresh D. Tendulkar, ‘Indian Economic Policy Reforms and Poverty: An Assessment,’ in Ahluwalia and Little,
India’s Economic Reforms,
1998, tables 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, pp.290-294.

6
. C.H. Hanumantha Rao, ‘Agriculture: Policy and Performance,’ in Bimal Jalan, ed.,
The Indian Economy,
New Delhi, 1992, p.132.

7
.
Economic Survey,
pp.11, 18. Emphasis mine.

1
. A.M. Khusro, in V. B. Singh, ed.,
Economic History of India 1857-1956,
Delhi, 1965, p.189.

2
.
INC Econ. Resolutions,
p.38.

3
. Planning Commission,
Second Five Year Plan,
1956, p.188.

4
. See P.S. Appu, ‘Tenancy Reform in India,’
EPW,
Special Number, August 1975, p.1345.

5
. See,
ibid.
p. 1347.

6
. D’. Bandyopadhyay, ‘Land Reform in India: An Analysis,’
EPW,
Review of Agriculture, June, 1986.

7
. L.I. Rudolph and S.H. Rudolph,
In Pursuit of Lakshmi: The Political Economy of the Indian State,
Chicago, 1987, p.363.

8
. P.S. Appu, (1975), pp.1354-5, 1375.

9
. Daniel Thorner,
The Shaping of Modern India,
New Delhi, 1980, p.245.

1
.
INC
Econ. Resolutions,
p.23

2
. Planning Commission,
First Five Year Plan,
New Delhi, 1953, pp.188-191.

3
. Indian National Congress,
Resolution on Economic Policy and Programme, 1924-54,
New Delhi, 1954, p.75.

4
.
Ibid.,
p.121. Emphasis mine.

5
. Planning Commission,
Second Five Year Plan,
New Delhi 1956, pp.196-7.

6
. Quoted in
Ladejinsky Papers,
p.483

7
. C.H. Hanumantha Rao, ‘Agriculture: Policy and Performance,’ in Bimal Jalan, ed.,
The Indian Economy: Problems and Prospects,
New Delhi, p.118.

8
. D. Bandyopadhyay, ‘Land Reforms in India: An Analysis,’
EPW,
Review of Agriculture, June 1986.

9
. Wolf Ladejinsky, otherwise an avid supporter of ceilings and land distribution, came to a similar conclusion in May 1972.
Ladejinsky Papers,
p.513.

10
.
Indian Express,
16 June 1999.

11
. G. Kotovsky,
Agrarian Reforms in India,
New Delhi, 1964, p.119. See, for similar views, D. Bandopadhyay, ‘Reflections on Land Reforms in India Since Independence,’ in T.V. Sathyamurthy, ed.,
Industry and Agriculture in India Since Independence,
Delhi, 1995.

12
.
The Hindustan Times,
4 and 9 January 1961, cited in Kotovsky, 1964, p. 125.

13
. Kotovsky, 1964, p. 126, he cites E.M.S. Namboodiripad, ‘Sarvodaya and Communism,’
New Age,
vol. vii, No. 1, January 1958, pp.46-55.

1
. Recommendations of the Economic Programme Committee of the AICC, November 1947,
INC Econ. Resolutions,
p. 22. Emphasis mine.

2
.
INC Econ. Resolutions,
pp.41-42. Emphasis mine.

3
.
Ibid.

4
.
Second Five-Year Plan,
p.201. Emphasis mine.

5
.
INC Econ. Resolutions,
pp.120ff. Emphasis mine.

6
.
Third Five-Year Plan,
p.209. (Quoted in
Ladejinsky Papers,
p.388)

7
. The figures in this paragraph are from Rudolph and Rudolph,
In Pursuit of Lakshmi,
table 42, p.373.

8
.
Ladejinsky Papers,
pp. 505-6.

9
. The description below of the Kaira experiment is based on interviews with Verghese Kurien, Tribhuvandas Patel and others and a study of the experiment made by the authors in Anand and its neighbouring villages in July 1985. Materials provided by the NDDB, courtesy its present Managing Director, Dr Amrita Patel, (whose own contribution to the movement is considerable), and Ruth Heredia,
The Amul India Story,
Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi, 1997 have also been used freely.

10
. Wilfred Candler and Nalini Kumar,
India: The Dairy Revolution,
World Bank, Washington, 1998

11
.
Ibid.
p. 48

12
.
Ibid.
pp. xxi, 6 and 60. Emphasis mine.

13
.
Ibid.
pp. xxi and 6. Emphasis mine.

14.
Ibid.
p.xv.

15
. Daniel Thorner,
The Shaping of Modern India,
Allied, New Delhi, 1980, p.245. Addition in parenthesis mine.

16
. The above figures are calculated from D. Bandyopadhay, ‘Land Reforms in India: An Analysis,’
EPW,
Review of Agriculture, June 1986.

17
.
Ibid,
p.253.

1
. G.S. Bhalla, ‘Nehru and Planning—Choices in Agriculture,’
Working Paper Series,
School of Social Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 1990, p.29.

2
.
Ladejinsky Papers,
p.494.

3
. See for example, G.S. Bhalla and Gurmail Singh, ‘Recent Developments in Indian Agriculture: A State Level Analysis,’
EPW,
29 March 1997. The statistics in the rest of the paragraph are taken from this source.