Interventions (50 page)

ethnic cleansing

in Bosnia, 61–62, 65, 68–69, 86

in Kosovo, 88, 92–93

European Union (EU).
See also
Quartet, Security Council

Evans, Gareth, 116

Fallujah, 358

Fante, 20

Fayyad, Salam, 309

Ferrero-Waldner, Benita, 293

Fischer, Joschka, 340, 346, 350, 351

Fitzgerald, Peter, 298–99

France, 141.
See also
Security Council

Bosnia and, 66–67, 68

Democratic Republic of Congo and, 117–18

Rwanda and, 48, 49

and Security Council debate on forcing Hussein's disarmament, 345–46, 347, 352–53

Frazer, Jendayi, 188

Frechette, Louise, 226

Freedom House Report, 173–74

G8 Summit

2005, 234

2006, 3–4

Gaddafi, Muammar, 183, 329

Gama, Jaime, 103

Gates, Bill, 240

Gates, Melinda, 240

Gaza, 7

Gaza withdrawal, 286–90

Gelb, Les, 361

General Assembly, 118–19, 141, 180

Geneva Accord, 286–87

Geneva Initiative, 337

genocide

Darfur and, 129–31

in Rwanda, 47, 56–59, 74–75

Germany, 141–42, 240

Bosnia and, 63

Kosovo and, 88

and Security Council debate on forcing Hussein's disarmament, 345–46, 352–53

Ghajar, 263

Ghana, 17–22, 26–27, 173, 176

Ghana Tourist Development Company, 26–27

Gharekhan, Chinmaya, 38, 55

Global Compact, 219

global development agenda, 212–13

global economic crisis, 250

Global Fund, 239–41

globalization, 215, 218, 219

global poverty, 215

Golan Heights, 261, 263

Goldstone, Richard, 281

Goldstone Report, 281

Gorbachev, Mikhail, 33–34

Goulding, Marrack, 35, 36, 43, 60, 62

Graduate Institute of International Studies, 25

Great Britain.
See
United Kingdom

Greenstock, Jeremy, 110, 332, 354

Griffiths, Martin, 190

Group of 8 Summit.
See
G8 Summit

Guantanamo Bay detention center, 365, 366

Guinea, 182

Guinea-Bissau, 245–46

Gulf War (1991) and, 34, 318–19, 324

Gusmão, Xanana, 81, 82, 110–11, 112–13

Habibie, Bacharuddin Jusuf, 82, 83, 102–12

Habyarimana, Juvenal, 48, 55, 56

Haiti, 46, 214

Hama, Syria, 296

Hamade, Marwan, 298

Hamas, 7, 252, 253, 276–77, 281, 288, 289, 290–94

Hammarskjöld, Dag, 32–33, 137, 156

Haniyeh, Ismail, 294

Hannay, David, 55, 67

Hansen, Peter, 280

Hariri, Rafiq al-, 286, 295–99, 361–62

Hazaras, 337

health care, 235

HIV/AIDS, 209–12, 236–44

in Africa, 210–11

African leaders and, 241–42

in Eastern Europe and Asia, 211

global alliance, formation of, 238–39

Global Fund, establishment of, 239–41

pharmaceutical companies and, 242–44

Hizbollah, 4, 6–8, 9–10, 261, 264, 266, 281–82, 295, 299, 301–8

Holbrooke, Richard, 73, 83, 92, 93, 237–38, 360–61

Holocaust museum, 258

Holocaust outreach program, 258–59

Howard, John, 82–83, 108

human rights

intervention to protect (
See
sovereignty and intervention to protect human rights)

sanctity and universality of, 83–86

Human Rights Council, 145–47, 281

Hussein, Saddam, 3, 319–21, 324, 327–30, 334, 344, 345, 349, 352, 365, 366

Hutu tribe, 48–49, 56–57, 59

Ikimi, Tom, 163–64

India, 32, 33, 91, 142, 345

HIV/AIDS in, 211

Indonesia, 101–14, 315–16

“In Larger Freedom” report, 118, 157

inspections regime, and Iraq, 322–34

INTERFET, 112

International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), 321–22, 325–26, 349

International Conference on Financing for Development, 232

International Court of Justice, 115, 149, 253, 288

International Criminal Court (ICC), 147–55

complementarity principle and, 152

establishment of, 149–53

in Kenya, 152, 153, 203–4

Sudan and, 153–54

International Monetary Fund (IMF), 221

International Security Assistance Force (ISAF), 342, 343

intifada, 267–68

Iran, 34, 307, 339

Iran-Iraq War, 319

Iraq, 34.
See also
Iraq War

bombing of UN headquarters in Baghdad, 315–17, 356

Gulf War (1991) and, 34, 318–19, 324

inspections and, 322–34

Oil-for-Food Programme and, 141, 321, 358–63

sanctions and disarmament regime imposed on, 320–34, 344–54

UN relationship with, post-Gulf War period, 318–34

weapons of mass destruction (WMD) and, 1–2, 144, 147, 331, 344, 346, 364

Iraq War, 3, 140, 141, 144, 353–58

illegality of, 357–58, 364

invasion of Iraq, 353–54

lessons learned from, 363–66

post-invasion Iraq, 354–58

Israel, 32, 323.
See also
Israeli-Palestinian conflict

Lebanon occupation and withdrawal, 261–66

Lebanon War of 2006 and, 4–8, 9–10, 302–8

Israeli-Palestinian conflict, 251–60, 266–94, 308–10

Arab Peace Initiative, 275–76, 279

Arafat's agreement to Abbas as prime minister, 285–86

building trust and, 256–59

Camp David talks, 254–55, 261–62, 266–67

Gaza withdrawal, 286–90

Geneva Accord and, 286–87

history of UN involvement in, 254–56

Israeli complaints against UN, 281–82

Jenin and, 279–80

Passover bombing, 276–78

peace negotiations, 268–73

Quartet and, 251, 274–75, 279, 283, 285, 290–94

roadmap to peace and, 282–86

second intifada, 267–68

secretary-general's role in seeking peace, 253–54

security fence/wall, building of, 253, 287–88

two-state solution, 251–52, 276, 279, 284–85, 310

Ivanov, Igor, 274, 347, 351

Janjaweed, 121

Japan, 141–42, 143

Jenin, 279–80

Jenness, Craig, 197

Jordan, 359

Kagame, Paul, 53

Kalenjin tribe, 187–88

Karzai, Hamid, 340

Kashmir, 33

Kaunda, Kenneth, 188

Kenya, 184–205

corruption in, 185–86

election results of 2007 and subsequent violence, 184–88

International Criminal Court (ICC) and, 152, 153, 203–4

mediation process in, 184, 189–202

new constitution, approval of, 202, 207–8

power-sharing deal in, 197–201

social and political reforms in, 202–5

Kenya National Dialogue and Reconciliation (KNDR), 193–202

Kenyatta, Uhuru, 194

Khalaf, Rima, 311

Khmer Rouge, 91

Kibaki, Mwai, 184, 186, 188, 191–94, 195, 197, 199–201, 202

Kikiyu tribe, 186, 187–88

Kikwete, Jakaya, 201

Kissinger, Henry, 98

Kosovo, 5, 11–12, 87–101, 126, 338

air strikes without Security Council approval in, 94–97

case for intervention made by Annan, 87–91

Chinese embassy hit by air strike in, 99

diplomatic efforts of UN in, 97–100

ethnic cleansing in, 88, 92–93

NATO and, 88, 90–91, 92, 93–95, 126

OSCE monitors in, 92

Kosovo Liberation Army, 88

Kosovo Verification Mission, 93

Krajina Serbs, 61

Kufour, John Agyekum, 188–89

Kukan, Eduard, 98

Kuwait, 318–19

Iraq invasion of, 34

Lagergren, Gunnar, 136

Lagergren, Nina, 136

Lahoud, Emile, 263–65, 275, 296, 297

Lancet,
244

Lantos, Tom, 258

leadership, in Africa, 170–71, 175–79

League of Nations, 144

Lebanon, 259–66, 295–307

Cedar Revolution and, 300

civil war in, 261

confessional makeup of, 260–61

Hariri's assassination and, 295–99

Israeli occupation of, and withdrawal from, 261–66

Syrian withdrawal from, 300–2

Syria's role in, after 2000, 295–99

Lebanon War of 2006, 4–8, 9–10, 302–8

Lever Brothers.
See
Unilever

Libya, 154, 183, 312

Lie, Trygve, 137

Lindenmayer, Elisabeth, 333

Livni, Tzipi, 307

loya jirga,
340–41, 342, 343

Luo tribe, 186, 187–88

Macalester College, 24

Machel, Graça, 189, 196

Mack, Andrew, 223

Madagascar, 176–77, 182

“Make Poverty History” campaign, 224

malaria, 235, 239–40

Malaysia, 176

Mali, 182, 232

Mandela, Nelson, 169, 238, 241, 361–62

Marchal, Luc, 56

Marker, Jamsheed, 102, 103

Martin, Ian, 108, 109

Martin, Paul, 361–62

Masire, Ketumile, 188

Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 26

Mauritania, 182, 183–84

Mbeki, Thabo, 241–42, 361–62

McCoy, Ruth, 190

Menem, Carlos, 143

Mexico, 353

Mfantsipim, 22–23

Middle East peacemaking, 251–313

Arab Awakening, 296, 310–13

Hariri's assassination in Lebanon, 295–99

Israeli-Palestinian conflict, 251–60, 266–94, 308–10

Israeli withdrawal from Lebanon, 261–66

Lebanon and, 259–66, 295–307

Lebanon War of 2006, 4–8, 9–10, 302–8

Syrian withdrawal from Lebanon, 300–2

Millennium Challenge Account, 233, 247

Millennium Declaration, 206, 225–27

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), 12–13, 180, 206, 211, 226–50

accountability and, 245

agenda of world leaders transformed by, 244–45

basic goals, 226

change, global system for tracking, 245–46

cohesion and, 246

commitment to and simplicity of, 226–27

criticisms of, 246–48

empowerment of women and, 231–32

failure of donor countries to live up to .7% GDP donation goal, 234–36

HIV/AIDS and, 236–44

impacts of, 244–46

international financing for, 232–34

poverty trap and, 229–31

reform efforts in recipient countries, 235–36

renegotiation of, dangers of, 249

strategy for achieving, development of, 229

subsidiary targets and metrics for assessing progress toward goals, 229

targeted aid, examples of impact of, 235

threats to, 249–50

Millennium Project, 229

Millennium Summit, 224–25

Miloševic, Slobodan, 11, 87–88, 89, 92–98, 100, 155

Mitchell, George, 271

Mitchell Report, 271, 283

Mitterrand, François, 62

Mkapa, Benjamin, 188, 189, 196, 201

Mladic, Ratko, 70

Moi, Daniel arap, 241

Monterrey Consensus, 232–33

Moreno-Ocampo, Luis, 204

Mousavizadeh, Nader, 361

Moussa, Amre, 262

Mubarak, Hosni, 269, 270, 272, 274

Mugabe, Robert, 168–69, 209–10, 241

Mungiki tribe, 194

Museveni, Yoweri, 191, 192

Musharraf, Pervez, 351

Mutawakil, Wakil Ahmad, 8–9

Muthaura, Francis, 194

Namibia, 31, 213, 242

narcotics trade, 249

Nasrallah, Hassan, 266, 301

National Cohesion and Integration Commission, 203

National Pact of 1943, 261

NATO

air strikes in Bosnia by, 69, 72

Kosovo and, 88, 90–91, 92, 93–95, 126

Serbia and, 11–12

Negroponte, John, 2

Netanyahu, Benjamin, 259–60, 289, 309

Netherlands, 213

New York Times,
57, 96

Nicaragua, 34

Niger, 182

Nigeria, 115, 142, 159–66, 183

9/11 terrorist attacks, 2–3, 136, 137, 233, 334–35, 365–66

Nkomo, Joshua, 168

Nkrumah, Kwame, 18, 19, 23, 25

Nobel Peace Prize (2001), 136–37, 140, 335

nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), 12, 224, 238

Darfur and, 129

UN development agenda and, 216–17

Northern Alliance, 339–40, 341

Ntaryamira, Cyprien, 56

Obama, Barack, 343–44

Obasanjo, Olusegun, 167, 361–62

Odinga, Raila, 186, 188, 191–94, 199–201

Oil-for-Food Programme, 141, 321, 358–63

Okelo, Francis, 155–56

Olmert, Ehud, 6, 302, 304–5

Operation Defensive Shield, 277

Operation Deliberate Force, 72

Operation Desert Fox, 334

Operation Desert Storm, 34

Operation Restore Hope, 42–43

Operation Storm, 71

Orange Democratic Movement (ODM), 186–87, 188, 191, 192, 194–95

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 180

Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), 92

Organization of African Unity (OAU), 25–26, 181, 182

Orr, Robert, 157

Oslo Accords, 252, 260

Owen, Lord, 65

Oxfam, 224

Pakistan, 32, 33, 125, 143

Afghanistan and, 336, 339, 343

teacher absenteeism rates in, 235–36

UN reforms and, 145, 146–47

palaver tree, 21–22

Palestinian Authority, 290–94

Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO), 261, 276, 294

Palestinians, 251–54, 266, 301.
See also
Israeli-Palestinian conflict

Palme, Olaf, 319

Panel of Eminent African Personalities, 191

Panzarino, Nick, 159

Party of National Unity (PNU), 186, 191, 192, 194–95

Paschke, Karl Theodor, 178

Pashtuns, 337, 340

Passover bombing, 276–78

Patten, Chris, 251, 293