Read Iran's Deadly Ambition Online
Authors: Ilan Berman
15
.
Farvartish Rezvaniyeh, “Pulling the Strings of the Net: Iran’s Cyber Army,” PBS
Frontline
, February 26, 2010,
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/tehranbureau/2010/02/pulling-the-strings-of-the-net-irans-cyber-army.html
; Alex Lukich, “The Iranian Cyber Army,” Center for Strategic & International Studies, July 12, 2011,
http://csis.org/blog/iranian-cyber-army
.
16
.
Frank J. Cilluffo, “The Iranian Cyber Threat to the United States.” Testimony before the U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Homeland Security; Subcommittee on Counterterrorism and Intelligence; and Subcommittee on Cybersecurity, Infrastructure Protection, and Security Technologies, April 26, 2012,
http://homeland.house.gov/sites/homeland.house.gov/files/Testimony%20-%20Cilluffo.pdf
.
17
.
James R. Clapper,
Worldwide Threat Assessment of the US Intelligence Community
, Statement for the Record, Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, January 29, 2014,
http://www.dni.gov/index.php/newsroom/testimonies/203-congressional-testimonies-2014/1005-statement-for-the-record-worldwide-threat-assessment-of-the-us-intelligence-community
.
18
.
“Iran Enjoys 4th Biggest Cyber Army in World,” FARS News Agency (Tehran), February 2, 2013,
http://abna.ir/data.asp?lang=3&Id=387239
.
19
.
University of Pennsylvania Iran Media Program, “Mapping Internet Censorship in Iran,” n.d.,
http://hyperakt.com/items/iran-censorship-infographic/
.
20
.
Nicole Perlroth and Quentin Hardy, “Bank Hacking Was the Work of Iranians, Officials Say,”
New York Times
, January 8, 2013,
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/09/technology/online-banking-attacks-were-work-of-iran-us-officials-say.html?pagewanted=1&_r=0
.
21
.
Nicole Perlroth, “In Cyberattack on Saudi Firm, U.S. Sees Iran Firing Back,”
New York Times
, October 23, 2012,
http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/24/business/global/cyberattack-on-saudi-oil-firm-disquiets-us.html?pagewanted=all
.
22
.
Ellen Nakashima, “Iran Aids Syria in Tracking Opposition via Electronic Surveillance, U.S. Officials Say,”
Washington Post
, October 9, 2012,
http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2012-10-09/world/35500619_1_surveillance-software-syrians-president-bashar
.
23
.
“STUXNET Has Returned Home,”
Kayhan
(Iran), July 27, 2011 (author’s collection).
24
.
Author’s confidential e-mail communications with infrastructure security expert, August 17, 2011.
25
.
Brian Ross, “What Will Happen to the US If Israel Attacks Iran?” ABC News, March 5, 2012,
http://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/israel-attacks-iran-gas-prices-cyberwar-terror-threat/story?id=15848522#.T4g5tqvY9Ll
.
26
.
Siobhan Gorman and Danny Yadron, “Iran Hacks Energy Firms, U.S. Says,”
Wall Street Journal
, May 23, 2013,
http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424127887323336104578501601108021968
.
27
.
Cylance,
Operation Cleaver
, December 2, 2014,
http://www.cylance.com/assets/Cleaver/Cylance_Operation_Cleaver_Report.pdf
.
28
.
Author’s confidential e-mail communication with cybersecurity experts, summer 2014. Names of correspondents withheld by mutual agreement.
29
.
As cited in Joshua Levitt, “Iran Supreme Leader Khamenei Tells Students to Get Ready for Cyber War,”
Algemeiner.com
, February 12, 2014,
http://www.algemeiner.com/2014/02/12/iran-supreme-leader-khamenei-tells-students-to-get-ready-for-cyber-war/
.
30
.
Julian Barnes and Siobhan Gorman, “U.S. Says Iran Hacked Navy Computers,”
Wall Street Journal
, September 27, 2013,
http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702304526204579101602356751772.html
.
31
.
Mike Lennon, “Iranian Hackers Targeted US Officials in Elaborate Social Media Attack Operation,”
SecurityWeek.com
, May 29, 2014,
http://www.securityweek.com/iranian-hackers-targeted-us-officials-elaborate-social-media-attack-operation
.
32
.
Dune Lawrence, “Iranian Hackers, Getting More Sophisticated, Target U.S. Defense Companies,”
BusinessWeek
, May 14, 2014,
http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2014-05-14/iranian-hackers-getting-more-sophisticated-target-u-dot-s-dot-defense-companies
.
33
.
Gabi Siboni and Sami Kronenfeld, “Iranian Cyber Espionage: A Troubling New Escalation,” INSS Insight No. 561, Institute for National Strategic Studies, June 16, 2014,
http://www.inss.org.il/index.aspx?id=4538&articleid=7091
.
34
.
White House, Office of the Press Secretary, “Remarks of President Obama Marking Nowruz,” March 20, 2012,
http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2012/03/20/remarks-president-obama-marking-nowruz
.
35
.
Ibid.
36
.
See, for example, Saeid Golkar, “Liberation or Suppression Technologies? The Internet, the Green Movement and the Regime in Iran,”
International Journal of Emerging Technologies and Society
9, no. 1 (2011): 50
–
70,
http://www.swinburne.edu.au/hosting/ijets/journal/V9N1/pdf/Article%204%20Golkar.pdf
.
37
.
Sara Reardon, “First Evidence for Iran’s Parallel Halal Internet,”
New Scientist
, no. 2886, October 10, 2012,
http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg21628865.700-first-evidence-for-irans-parallel-halal-internet.html
.
38
.
Tom Risen, “Iran’s Dubious Digital Revolution,”
U.S. News & World Report
, May 30, 2014,
http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2014/05/30/hassan-rouhani-youtube-and-irans-dubious-internet-revolution
.
39
.
David Murphy, “Iran Launches ‘Mehr,’ Its Own YouTube-Like Video Hub,”
PC Magazine
, December 9, 2012,
http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2413014,00.asp
.
40
.
Majid Rafizadeh, “Iran’s ‘Halal’ Version of the Internet,” Al Arabiya, July 12, 2013,
http://english.alarabiya.net/en/views/business/media/2013/07/12/Iran-s-Halal-version-of-the-Internet-.html
.
41
.
Timothy B. Lee, “Here’s How Iran Censors the Internet,”
Washington Post
, August 15, 2013,
http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-switch/wp/2013/08/15/heres-how-iran-censors-the-internet/
.
42
.
National Council of Resistance of Iran, “Iran: Sale and Use of VPNs to Be a Crime in Latest Internet Clampdown,” May 13, 2014,
http://www.ncr-iran.org/en/news/human-rights/16521-iran-sale-and-use-of-vpns-to-be-a-crime-in-latest-internet-clampdown
.
43
.
Charlie Warzel, “How Iran Uses Wikipedia to Censor the Internet,”
BuzzFeed.com
, November 12, 2013,
http://www.buzzfeed.com/charliewarzel/how-iran-uses-wikipedia-to-censor-the-internet
.
44
.
Golnaz Esfandiari, “Iran Developing ‘Smart Control’ Software for Social-Networking Sites,” Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, January 5, 2013,
http://www.rferl.org/content/iran-developing-smart-control-software-for-social-networking-sites/24816054.html
.
45
.
National Council of Resistance of Iran, “Iran: Sale and Use of VPNs to Be a Crime in Latest Internet Clampdown.”
46
.
“Pres. Rouhani Underlines Vital Role of Cyber Security,” IRIB World Service, February 3, 2014,
http://english.irib.ir/news/iran1/item/177545-pres-rouhani-underlines-vital-role-of-cyber-security
.
47
.
Steve Stecklow, “Special Report: Chinese Firm Helps Iran Spy on
Citizens,” Reuters, March 22, 2012,
http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/03/22/us-iran-telecoms-idUSBRE82L0B820120322
.
48
.
“Iran Blocks Use of Tool to Get around Internet Filter,” Reuters, March 10, 2013,
http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/03/10/us-iran-internet-idUSBRE9290CV20130310
.
49
.
Reporters Without Borders, “Iran,” in “Surveillance,” special edition,
The Enemies of Internet
(March 12, 2013),
http://surveillance.rsf.org/en/iran/
.
50
.
Ramin Mostaghim and Emily Alpert, “Iran’s Supreme Leader Calls for New Internet Oversight Council,”
Los Angeles Times
, March 7, 2012,
http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/world_now/2012/03/iran-internet-council-khamenei.html
.
51
.
University of Pennsylvania Iran Media Program, “Internet Censorship in Iran.”
52
.
Golnaz Esfandiari, “Iran Announces New Restrictions for Internet Cafes,” Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, January 4, 2012,
http://www.rferl.org/content/iran_announces_new_internet_restrictions/24442396.html
.
53
.
“Middle East,” Internet World Stats, accessed May 29, 2015,
http://www.internetworldstats.com/middle.htm
.
54
.
See, for example, John Kelly and Bruce Etling, “Mapping Iran’s Online Public: Politics and Culture in the Persian Blogosphere,” Harvard University, Berkman Center for Internet & Society, April 5, 2008,
http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/sites/cyber.law.harvard.edu/files/Kelly&Etling_Mapping_Irans_Online_Public_2008.pdf
.
55
.
Fred Petrossian, Arash Abadpour, and Mahsa Alimardani, “The Decline of Iran’s Blogestan,”
Washington Post
, April 11, 2014,
http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/monkey-cage/wp/2014/04/11/the-decline-of-irans-blogestan/
.
CONCLUSION
1
.
“White House Official: Nuclear Deal Could Portend Iran Ties,” JTA, September 28, 2014,
http://www.jta.org/2014/09/28/news-opinion/united-states/white-house-official-nuclear-deal-could-portend-iran-ties#ixzz3Euy24qYh
.
2
.
As cited in Matthew Continetti, “The Coming Détente with Iran,”
Washington Free Beacon
, October 31, 2014,
http://freebeacon.com/columns/the-coming-detente-with-iran/
.
3
.
Ibid.
4
.
Johannes Reissner, “Europe and Iran: Critical Dialogue,” in
Honey
and Vinegar: Incentives, Sanctions, and Foreign Policy
, ed. Richard N. Haass and Meghan L. O’Sullivan (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2000), 42; see also Geoffrey Kemp, “The United States, Europe & Iran: The Ingredients for U.S.-European Policy,” in
The Iranian Dilemma: Challenges for German and American Foreign Policy
, conference report, American Institute for Contemporary German Studies and Johns Hopkins University, Washington, DC, April 21, 1997.
5
.
“Transcript of Interview with Iranian President Mohammed Khatami,”
CNN.com
, January 7, 1998,
http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9801/07/iran/interview.html
.
6
.
See Reuel Marc Gerecht, “Iran: Fundamentalism and Reform,” in
Present Dangers: Crisis and Opportunity in American Foreign and Defense Policy
, ed. Robert Kagan and William Kristol (San Francisco: Encounter Books, 2000), 111
–
45.
7
.
For a good summary, see “History of Official Proposals on the Iranian Nuclear Issue,” Arms Control Association, January 2014,
http://www.armscontrol.org/factsheets/Iran_Nuclear_Proposals
.
8
.
Hassan Rouhani, “President of Iran Hassan Rouhani: Time to Engage,”
Washington Post
, September 19, 2013,
http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/president-of-iran-hassan-rouhani-time-to-engage/2013/09/19/4d2da564-213e-11e3-966c-9c4293c47ebe_story.html
.
9
.
As cited in “Rohani’s Outstretched Hand,”
The Economist
, October 4, 2014,
http://www.economist.com/printedition/2014-10-04
.
10
.
Julian Borger, “Iranian President Gives Qualified Support for Western Action against Isis,”
The Guardian
(London), September 26, 2014,
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/27/iranian-qualified-support-western-action-isis
.
11
.
Karim Sadjadpour, “Examining What a Nuclear Iran Deal Means for Global Security.” Testimony before the U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Foreign Affairs Subcommittee on the Middle East and North Africa, November 20, 2014,
http://docs.house.gov/meetings/FA/FA13/20141120/102758/HHRG-113-FA13-Wstate-SadjadpourK-20141120.pdf
.